1. BLOOD

2. Functions of Blood Transportation Regulation Protection
oxygen and carbon dioxide
nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes
heat
Regulation
pH through buffer systems
body temperature
osmotic pressure within cells
Protection
clot blood
Fight disease

3. Components of Blood Plasma = straw colored liquid portion
Water = 92%
Solutes – electrolytes, hormones, gases, etc. = 8%
Formed Elements = Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

4. Plasma and Serum Plasmapheresis: separates plasma from blood cells
Serum --when blood clotting factors are removed

5. Hematopoiesis Production of blood cells occurs in red bone marrow
From stem cells called Hemocytoblasts
Erythropoietin produced in the kidneys starts new RBCs (see pg 372)

6. Erythrocytes (RBC’s)
Carry Hemoglobin --gives whole blood it’s red color
Have no nucleus
Live about 120 days

7. Hemoglobin Heme = iron – contains 4 per globin –gives blood it’s color
Globin = protein ( carries some CO2)

8. Leukocytes (WBC’s) main function protection from foreign particles
Two Main Types:
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

9. Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
Phagocytes – most numerous
Eosinophils
Removes allergens, reduces inflammation, increase with virus
Basophils
promotes inflammation by secreting histamines
Heparin to prevent blood clotting

10. Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes produce antibodies T and B cells)
become Macrophages
Large “large eaters”

11. Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Clot blood (hemostasis) and repair damaged blood vessels
life span of about 5 to 9 days

12. Hemostasis mechanism by which bleeding is stopped
Three Basic Mechanisms
Vascular Spasms
Platelet Plug Formation
Coagulation (Clotting)

13. Vascular Spasm
contraction of the smooth muscles in the vascular walls of a damaged blood vessel
reflexes from pain receptors

14. Platelet Plug Formation
Platelet Adhesion = platelets contact and stick to walls of damaged vessels
Platelet Release Reaction = platelets extend projections and release content of their granules
Platelet Aggregation = platelets gather in area of wound or injury
forms a Platelet Plug to stop bleeding

15. Coagulation (Clotting)
Several steps needed for process to work
Intrinsic (within blood)
Extrinsic (within tissues)
forms a Clot = a network of fibrinogen(protein fibers) changes to fibrin

16. Coagulation
Fibrinogen changed to fibrin

17. Thrombus and Embolus Thrombus: stationary clot
Embolus: traveling clot – effects 4 organs – heart, lungs, brain and kidneys
Clot may be blood, gas, fat, wastes, etc.

18. ABO Blood Typing
each parent contributes antigens (agglutinogens), or lack of antigens to their offspring
O + O = O blood type
A + O and A + A = A blood type
B + O and B + B = B blood type
A + B = AB blood type

19. Rh Factor Presence or absence of Protein D on erythrocyte
May effect – mother’s 2nd pregnancy
May cause Hemolytic disease of the newborn.

20. THE END OF BLOOD

23. bicuspid

25. bicuspid