1. Warm-Up –
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems?
List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types)
Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, what must be changed as well?
Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are adjusted and tested to verify correct setting?
The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually. Why is this?

2. Questions / Comments

3. Warm-Up –
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems?
List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types)
Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, what must be changed as well?
Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are adjusted and tested to verify correct setting?
The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually. Why is this?

4. Secondary Flight Controls Trim Systems
Trim systems are used to relieve the pilot of the need to maintain constant pressure on the flight controls, and usually consist of flight deck controls and small hinged devices attached to the trailing edge of one or more of the primary flight control surfaces.

5. Warm-Up –
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems?
List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types)
Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, what must be changed as well?
Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are adjusted and tested to verify correct setting?
The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually. Why is this?

6. Secondary Flight Controls Trim Systems
Common types of trim systems include:
Trim tabs, balance tabs, antiservo tabs, ground adjustable tabs, and an adjustable stabilizer.

7. Warm-Up –
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems?
List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types)
Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, what must be changed as well?
Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are adjusted and tested to verify correct setting?
The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually. Why is this?

8. Secondary Flight Controls Trim Tabs
Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, expect that retrimming will be necessary to relieve the control pressures for the new flight condition.

9. Warm-Up –
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems?
List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types)
Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, what must be changed as well?
Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are adjusted and tested to verify correct setting?
The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually. Why is this?

10. Secondary Flight Controls Ground Adjustable Tabs
Many small aircraft have a nonmovable metal trim tab on the rudder.
This tab is bent in one direction or the other while on the ground to apply a trim force to the rudder.
The correct displacement is determined by trial and error.

11. Warm-Up –
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems?
List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types)
Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, what must be changed as well?
Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are adjusted and tested to verify correct setting?
The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually. Why is this?

12. Autopilot
More advanced systems often include a vertical speed and/or indicated airspeed hold mode.
Advanced autopilot systems are coupled to navigational aids through a flight director.
The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually.

13. Questions / Comments

14. THIS DAY IN AVIATION
11 September 1946:¹ North American Aviation engineering test pilot Wallace Addison (“Wally”) Lien made the first flight of the North American Aviation XFJ-1, Bu. No He flew from Mines Field (now, better known as LAX), to Muroc Army Airfield in the high desert of southern California.

15. Questions / Comments

16. Chapter 6 – Aircraft Systems
FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

17. Today’s Mission Requirements
Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft.
Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary aircraft systems.
EQ:
Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.

18. Aircraft Systems Powerplant
An aircraft engine, or powerplant, produces thrust to propel an aircraft.
Reciprocating engines work in combination with a propeller to produce thrust.
These powerplants also drive the various systems that support the operation of an aircraft.

19. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
Reciprocating engines operate on the basic principle of converting chemical energy (fuel) into mechanical energy.
This conversion occurs within the cylinders of the engine through the process of combustion.

20. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
The spark ignition reciprocating engine has served as the powerplant of choice for many years.

21. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
The main mechanical components of the spark ignition use cylindrical combustion chambers and pistons that travel the length of the cylinders to convert linear motion into the rotary motion of the crankshaft.

22. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
Spark ignition engines use a spark plug to ignite a pre-mixed fuel/air mixture.

23. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
Engine designs can be further classified as:
Cylinder arrangement with respect to the crankshaft—radial, in-line, v-type, or opposed.
Operating cycle—two or four.
Method of cooling—liquid or air.

24. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
Radial engines were widely used during World War II and many are still in service today.
With these engines, a row or rows of cylinders are arranged in a circular pattern around the crankcase.

25. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
The main advantage of a radial engine is the favorable power-to-weight ratio.

26. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
In-line engines have a comparatively small frontal area, but their power-to-weight ratios are relatively low.
In addition, the rearmost cylinders of an air-cooled, in-line engine receive very little cooling air.

27. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
Continued improvements in engine design led to the development of the horizontally-opposed engine which remains the most popular reciprocating engines used on smaller aircraft.

28. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
These engines always have an even number of cylinders, since a cylinder on one side of the crankcase “opposes” a cylinder on the other side.
The majority of these engines are air cooled and usually are mounted in a horizontal position when installed on fixed-wing airplanes.

29. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
Opposed-type engines have high power-to-weight ratios because they have a comparatively small, lightweight crankcase.
In addition, the compact cylinder arrangement reduces the engine’s frontal area and allows a streamlined installation that minimizes aerodynamic drag.

30. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
Spark ignition four-stroke engines remain the most common design used in general aviation today.
The main parts of a spark ignition reciprocating engine include the cylinders, crankcase, and accessory housing.

31. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
The intake/exhaust valves, spark plugs, and pistons are located in the cylinders.
The crankshaft and connecting rods are located in the crankcase.
The magnetos are normally located on the engine accessory housing.

32. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
In a four-stroke engine the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy occurs over a four stroke operating cycle.
The intake, compression, power, and exhaust processes occur in four separate strokes of the piston.

33. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
1. The intake stroke begins as the piston starts its downward travel.
When this happens, the intake valve opens and the fuel/air mixture is drawn into the cylinder.

34. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
2. The compression stroke begins when the intake valve closes and the piston starts moving back to the top of the cylinder.
This phase of the cycle is used to obtain a much greater power output from the fuel/air mixture once it is ignited.

35. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
3. The power stroke begins when the fuel/air mixture is ignited.
This causes a tremendous pressure increase in the cylinder, and forces the piston downward away from the cylinder head, creating the power that turns the crankshaft.

36. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
4. The exhaust stroke is used to purge the cylinder of burned gases.
It begins when the exhaust valve opens and the piston starts to move toward the cylinder head once again.

37. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
The four-stroke cycle takes place several hundred times each minute.
In a four-cylinder engine, each cylinder operates on a different stroke.

38. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
Continuous rotation of a crankshaft is maintained by the precise timing of the power strokes in each cylinder.
Continuous operation of the engine depends on the simultaneous function of auxiliary systems, including the induction, ignition, fuel, oil, cooling, and exhaust systems.

39. Class Summary - Powerplants
An aircraft engine, or powerplant, produces thrust to propel an aircraft.
Reciprocating engines work in combination with a propeller to produce thrust.
These powerplants also drive the various systems that support the operation of an aircraft.

40. Class Summary - Powerplants
Types of powerplants were covered
The basic operation of a 4-stroke powerplant was detailed
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust
Suck, Squeeze, Bang, Blow

41. Questions / Comments

42. Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1
2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson.
3. List 3 things you learned today.
1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson.