1. Come in and find your seat. We will get started in just a few minutes.
Happy Friday Eve! 
Come in and find your seat. We will get started in just a few minutes.

2. Short Story Elements

3. Setting Setting: when AND where the story takes place.
The setting plays a major role in the overall mood of the story.

4. Characters
Protagonist: the main character who sets the plot in motion.
Antagonist: the character (OR idea) in conflict with the main character.

5. Plot Plot: related events that make up the story line.
Exposition: the introduction of the story, in which background and setting details are given.
Rising Action: the events leading up to the climax.

6. …More Plot
Climax: the turning point (either for good or bad) of the story.
Falling Action: the events leading up to the resolution.
Resolution: the conclusion (or ending) of the story.

7. Conflict
Internal conflict: conflict within a person’s mind, heart, or soul.
Should I steal the candy bar while no one’s looking?
External conflict: conflict with an outside force.
Fight between two characters in a dark alley.

8. Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing: clues or hints about what will happen next in the story.

9. Point of View Point of view: Perspective from which the story is told.
1st: I, me, my
3rd: They, he, she

10. Point of View Continued
3rd Person
Omniscient: All-knowing
We know the thoughts, feelings, & actions of ALL characters.
Objective: Just the facts
We know characters’ actions and words, but not their thoughts.
Limited:
We know the thoughts, feelings, & actions of ONLY one character.

11. Suspense
Suspense is a state or feeling of excited or anxious uncertainty about what may happen.
How is suspense created in the following clip?

12. Central Idea
The central ideas are the topics and ideas that become the focus for a literary or informational text when a reader traces the details and patterns.
The central idea should apply directly to the story.
Another way to say the central idea is the MAIN idea.

13. THEME
All the elements of a good story must add up to a theme—an idea or insight about life and human nature that gives the story meaning.
Theme is NOT a summary of the story or the subject of a story.
Theme is ALWAYS expressed in a complete sentence. The theme is NEVER just one word.
**There is a difference between the “central idea” and the “theme.”

14. Theme
In most stories, the theme is not stated directly. Instead, it is revealed to us through the characters’ experiences.
Quick Check: Match these familiar stories to the appropriate universal theme.
It pays to work hard and plan ahead.

15. Theme is NOT the subject!
The subject is simply the topic. It can be stated in a single word, such as loyalty.
The theme makes some revelation about the subject and should be expressed in a sentence: “Loyalty to a leader is not always noble.”

16. Happy Friday! It is FriYAY!
Come in and get your short story notes out. We will finish those in a few minutes.

17. Tone
Tone is how the narrator or author feels about what they are writing or telling about.

18. Mood The feeling or impression the author creates with his writing
Also refers to the feelings the reader has about the characters or setting in a story
As stated earlier, the setting can create a mood.
If we are reading a story that is set in a graveyard at night, that sets a creepy mood.
However, the beach on a sunny day sets a happy mood.

19. Why Mood Maters
Mood is an important literary element because it influences the way readers feel about what they are reading.
Mood can draw a reader into a story and can compel a reader to continue to read.

20. Setting the mood Mood can be identified by analyzing:
The setting of a story
The character’s actions and dialogue

21. Identifying the Mood Readers need to recognize/analyze the following:
Situation in which the character is involved
Character’s reactions to the situation
Character’s reactions to other characters
Character’s body language
Character’s tone of voice
What the characters say to and about others
The character’s thoughts and emotions

22. Words to Describe Mood Cheerful Humorous Peaceful Light Tense Dark
Scary
Suspenseful
Terror
Apprehensive
Ominous
Anxious
Melancholy
Romantic
Lonely
Sad
Dreary
Mysterious
Calm
Angry
Violent
Exciting
Cold
Fearful

23. Irony Irony Verbal Situational Dramatic A Surprise!
It is the difference between what we expect to happen, and what actually does happen.
It is often used to add suspense and interest.
There are THREE TYPES of irony!
Irony
Verbal
Situational
Dramatic

24. Verbal Irony
You use it everyday when you say one thing and really mean another.
It is often similar to a sarcastic response.
Example: When you appear to be sick and someone asks you if you’re okay. You say “Of course!” But in the meantime you are vomiting and fainting.

25. Situational Irony
Occurs when a situation turns out to be the opposite of what you thought it would be.
Example:
The teacher’s daughter is a High School drop out.
The mayor’s wife gets caught stealing.
The preacher’s wife shoots him.

26. Dramatic Irony Think scary movies!
Occurs when the audience knows something that a character or characters in the story, on the screen, or on the stage do not know. It’s like the audience is more aware of what’s going on than the people in the production.
Think scary movies!

27. Characterization Direct vs. Indirect Characterization.
Think about in daily life... What is the difference between someone being direct and indirect?

28. Direct Characterization
direct characterization: the author or narrator makes direct statements about a character’s traits. The author tells us about the character’s personality to our face.
TELLING
Example:
“The patient boy and quiet girl were both well mannered and did not disobey their mother.”
Explanation: The author is directly telling the audience the personality of these two children. The boy is “patient” and the girl is “quiet.”

29. Indirect Characterization
Indirect characterization: the author or narrator reveals a character’s traits through his or her actions and speech.
SHOWING
When Jane walked in the room, nobody could help but look at her. She commanded attention wherever she went due to her good looks.
Jane is beautiful.
Jim was very unlike any other businessman. He made sure that all his clients got what they had paid for.
Jim is honest and hardworking.

30. Indirect Characterization
Use the STEAL method.
Speech: What does the character say? How does the character speak?
Thoughts: What is revealed through the character’s private thoughts and feelings?
Effect on others toward the character: What is revealed through the character’s effect on other people? How do other characters feel or behave in reaction to the character?
Actions: What does the character do? How does the character behave?
Looks: What does the character look like? How does the character dress?