1. Pyroelectricity
GLY 4200 – Lecture 4 –Fall, 2018

2. Pyroelectricity Effect Diagram
Image: pyro.jpg
Certain crystals, when subject to an increase in temperature, will become polarized along a unique polar axis. Of the twenty classes that possess polar axes, only 10 have a unique polar axis. The degree of polarization is proportional to the magnitude of the temperature change, as shown in equation 1:

3. Pyroelectricity Discovery
It is difficult to distinguish a single discovery
Johann George Schmidt described the attraction of hot, but not cold ashes to tourmaline in 1707
Linnaeus related tourmaline, which he called Lapidem Electricum, "the electric stone“, to electricity in 1747
Scottish physicist David Brewster named the effect in 1824
William Thomson in 1878 and later Woldemar Voigt in 1897 began to develop a theory for the processes behind pyroelectricity

4. Polarization Pi = pi ΔT where Pi is the polarization vector,
pi are the pyroelectric coefficients, and
ΔT is the temperature change
The effect is used in infra-red heat detectors. Quartz is the mineral usually employed. Both pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity can be used as an aid in determining which crystal class an unknown mineral belongs to. If the X-ray data is ambivalent, the ability to show that a crystal is either pyroelectric or piezoelectric would limit the possible crystal classes to which it could belong.
Pyroelectricity was probably first observed in tourmaline by ancient Greeks, but quantitatively investigated only in the eighteenth century, during the early studies of electrostatics. Sir David Brewster, a Scottish scientist, was the first to use the term pyro (fire) electricity in 1824 when describing this phenomena in one of his numerous and famous contributions to the Encyclopedia Britannica.

5. PVDF
Polymers - such as Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) - consist of long chains of  molecules, as is shown in the image above

6. Pyroelectricity in Polymers
Certain molecular groups act as dipoles and can be oriented in an electric field
When the poled polymer is exposed to heat, the sample expands, causing the dipole spacing to change, and generating a charge
Pyroelectric materials have a spontaneous polarization whose amplitude changes under the influence of temperature gradients. The discovery of PZT triggered many applications based on this phenomenon, such as infrared detection, thermal imaging (absorption of energy resulting in polarization changes) and dielectric bolometers.