1. Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 4~
Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life
Slide shows combined and modified from:

3. Organic chemistry is the study of CARBON compounds
Can form FOUR stable covalent bonds at same time (=tetravalence)
Common partners = O, H, N

4. 4 covalent CARBON BONDS form a shape called a TETRAHEDRON
Tetrahedron modified from:

5. Images from: http://www. school-for-champions
TETRAVALENCE makes large complex molecules with a variety of shapes possible

6. AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

7. Hydrocarbons Only carbon & hydrogen Covalent bonding; nonpolar
(Ex: petroleum; lipid ‘tails’)
Covalent bonding;
nonpolar
High energy storage

8. Carbon compounds Skeleton may have single or double bonds

9. AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

10. ISOMERS- compounds that have the same number of atoms but different structures

11. STRUCTURAL isomers differing covalent bonding arrangement
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6

12. GEOMETRIC isomers - differ in arrangement around a DOUBLE BOND
trans- form cis- form

13. Be Careful! Single bonds can rotate! . . . it’s still the same stuff

14. ENANTIOMER isomers - differ in arrangement around a ASYMMETRIC carbon
ENANTIOMER isomers - differ in arrangement around a ASYMMETRIC carbon Mirror images
AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

19. Functional Groups Hydroxyl Group Ex: alcohols polar (oxygen);
soluble in water
Names typically end in -ol
Ex: Ethanol

20. Functional Groups Carbonyl Group KETONE: within carbon skeleton
ALDEHYDE:
at end of carbon skeleton

21. GLUCOSE is an ALDEHYDE FRUCTOSE is a KETONE

22. Functional Groups
Carboxyl Group
Ex: carboxylic acids;
polar

23. Functional Groups Amino Group Called: amines
Amino Group
Called: amines
Ex: amino acids (have both amino & carboxyl groups)

24. Functional Groups | R -C -COO- +NH3 Amino Group Can act as a base and
pick up a H+ ion
Carboxyl Group can act as an acid and
give up a H+ ion H |
R -C -COO-
+NH3

25. Functional Groups Sulfhydral Group Called: thiols

26. DISULFIDE BRIDGES Disulfide bridges stabilize protein structure
LYSOZYME

27. Functional Groups Phosphate Group phosphate ion Makes molecule
negatively charged
Can store & transfer energy ~ ATP

28. Functional Groups METHYL Group Makes molecule more NON-POLAR
METHYLATION: Adding methyl groups to DNA “turns off” genes