1. Chemistry Basics Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass
Energy – the ability to do work
Chemical
Electrical
Mechanical
Radiant
Slide 2.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Composition of Matter Elements Atoms Fundamental units of matter
96% of the body is made from four elements
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Atoms
Building blocks of elements
Slide 2.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. Atomic Structure Nucleus Outside of nucleus Protons (p+) Neutrons (n0)
Electrons (e-)
Figure 2.1
Slide 2.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4. Chemical Reactions Atoms are united by chemical bonds
Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken
Slide 2.8
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5. Electrons and Bonding
Bonding involves interactions between electrons in the outer shell (valence shell)
Full valence shells do not form bonds
Slide 2.10
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6. Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds
Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
Slide 2.13
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7. Chemical Bonds Covalent Bonds
Atoms become stable through shared electrons
Figure 2.6c
Slide 2.14
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Polarity Covalent bonded molecules Some are non-polar Some are polar
Electrically neutral as a molecule
Some are polar
Have a positive and negative side
Figure 2.7
Slide 2.16
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Chemical Bonds Hydrogen bonds Weak chemical bonds
Hydrogen is attracted to negative portion of polar molecule
Provides attraction between molecules
Slide 2.17
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10. Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis reaction (A+BAB)
Atoms or molecules combine
Energy is absorbed for bond formation
Decomposition reaction (ABA+B)
Molecule is broken down
Chemical energy is released
Slide 2.18
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11. Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions
Figure 2.9a, b
Slide 2.19
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12. Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Exchange reaction (ABAC+B)
Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions
Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made
Slide 2.20
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

13. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
Organic compounds
Contain carbon
Most are covalently bonded
Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
Inorganic compounds
Lack carbon
Tend to be simpler compounds
Example: H2O (water)
Slide 2.21
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14. Important Inorganic Compounds
Water
Most abundant inorganic compounds
Vital properties
High heat capacity
Polarity/solvent properties
Chemical reactivity
Cushioning
Slide 2.22
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15. Important Inorganic Compounds
Salts
Vital to many body functions
Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents
Slide 2.23
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16. Important Inorganic Compounds
Acids pH less than 7
Bases pH greater than 7
Neutralization reaction
Acids and bases react to form water and a salt
Slide 2.24
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

17. pH Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral
pH below 7 = acidic
pH above 7 = basic
Figure 2.11
Slide 2.25
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

18. Important Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Include sugars and starches
Classified according to size
Monosaccharides – simple sugars
Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined
Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars
Slide 2.26
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

19. Carbohydrates Figure 2.12a, b Slide 2.27
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

20. Important Organic Compounds
Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
Insoluble in water
Slide 2.29
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21. Important Organic Compounds
Common lipids in the human body
Neutral fats (triglycerides)
Found in fat deposits
Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Source of stored energy
Slide 2.30a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

22. Important Organic Compounds
Common lipids in the human body (continued)
Phospholipids
Form cell membranes
Steroids
Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones
Slide 2.30b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23. Important Organic Compounds
Proteins
Made of amino acids
Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Slide 2.33a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

24. Important Organic Compounds
Account for over half of the body’s organic matter
Provides for construction materials for body tissues
Plays a vital role in cell function
Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Slide 2.33b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

25. Enzymes Act as biological catalysts
Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.16
Slide 2.34
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

26. Important Organic Compounds
Nucleic Acids
Provide blueprint of life
Nucleotide bases
A = Adenine
G = Guanine
C = Cytosine
T = Thymine
U = Uracil
Make DNA and RNA
Slide 2.35
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

27. Important Organic Compounds
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix
Replicates before cell division
Provides instruction for every protein in the body
Figure 2.17c
Slide 2.36
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

28. Important Organic Compounds
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical energy used by all cells
Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond
ATP is replenished by food fuels
Slide 2.37
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

29. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.18a
Slide 2.38
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

30. How ATP Drives Cellular Work
Figure 2.19
Slide 2.39
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings