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Physical Science Chapter 19
Elements and Their Properties Quick Notes 1
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19:1 Metals conduct heat and electricity, reflect light (luster); are malleable (____________________) are ductile (___________________) ionic bonding (combine with nonmetals by losing electrons), Can be hammered or rolled into sheets Can be drawn into wires Video 1.a Metals 6.31 2
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19:1 Quick Notes metallic bonding (positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons; ions are in sliding layers and electrons are weakly held; readily form ionic bonds with nonmetals. 3
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19:1 Quick Notes B. Alkali Metals are softer and more reactive than other metals; highly reactive with ________ & _________; combine readily with other elements due to _______ electron in outer energy level; they have multiple use: oxygen water single 4
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Human health– Photocells– Francium- 19:1 Quick Notes
sodium, potassium, and lithium compounds Human health– Photocells– Francium- rubidium or cesium A radioactive element which breaks down giving off particles and energy 5
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19:1 Quick Notes C. The Alkaline Earth Metals– are _____ found naturally in elemental form: ______ electrons in outer energy level. not two 6
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a. Applications— 19:1 Quick Notes
Stontium and magnesium found in fireworks; magnesium in vehicles, ladders, and bats; calcium in statues and countertops. 7
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19:1 Quick Notes b. Human body— Calcium in bones; barium in disease diagnoses; radium formerly used in cancer treatment. 8
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Transition Elements—often occur in nature as combined elements
19:1 Quick Notes Transition Elements—often occur in nature as combined elements Typically form colored compounds--_________________ found in rubies and emeralds; chromium 9
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Iron Iron triad-- _______, ____, ____.
19:1 Quick Notes Iron, cobalt, and nickel Iron triad-- _______, ____, ____. i. _________-- most widely used of all metals and main ingredient in steel; abundant in Earth’s crust. _______ and nickel – used in some steel _____ used to coat other metals. Iron Cobalt Nickel 10
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19:1 Quick Notes Copper, silver, gold --__________ metals since once were commonly used in coins. i. ______________ used in electrical wiring because it is a superior electricity conductor. coinage Copper 11
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___________ used in photographic film and paper, jewelry.
19:1 Quick Notes Silver ___________ used in photographic film and paper, jewelry. _____________ used in jewelry. Gold 12
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Zinc, cadmium, mercury—Group ____ on the periodic table.
19:1 Quick Notes Zinc, cadmium, mercury—Group ____ on the periodic table. i. Zinc and cadmium are often used to coat or plate other _________. ii. ________ only room temperature liquid metal; used in thermometers and batteries. 12 metals Mercury 13
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19:1 Quick Notes E. Inner Transition Metals—seem disconnected from the rest of the periodic table. a. The Lanthanides—include _______, cerium, praseodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, and terbium. lanthanum 14
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19:1 Quick Notes b. The _________________--all are radioactive and __________, ____________ is the best known. Actinides unstable uranium Why are copper, silver and gold so often used in coins? 7 Lanthanide and Actinide Series .47 15
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19:2 Quick Notes A. Properties of nonmetals—usually gases or ______ solids at room temperature; are not ________ or ____________; usually poor _____________ of heat and electricity; usually not lustrous. brittle malleable ductile conductors 16
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19:2 Quick Notes Ionic compounds—form when nonmetals gain _______ from metals and become ____________ ions. Covalent compounds-form when nonmetals share electrons with other ________________. electrons negative nonmetals 17
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__________-- most common element in the universe.
19:2 Quick Notes Hydrogen __________-- most common element in the universe. a. A _________ ______-- two atoms of the same element in covalent bond. Diatomic molecule 18
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19:2 Quick Notes Highly reactive element found mostly on Earth as part of water. ________ --include bromine, iodine, _________, __________, and astatine. Halogens fluorine chlorine How Chlorine Bonds 10 Nobel Gases 1.15 9 Halogens .44 19
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19:2 Quick Notes salt 1. A _________ forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metal. 20
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Chlorine Iodine 2. Uses of halogens
19:2 Quick Notes 2. Uses of halogens i. ___________- disinfectant and bleach ii. __________ dyes in cosmetics iii. ________ hormone regulation. Chlorine Bromine Iodine 21
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19:2 Quick Notes Sublimation d. ___________ a solid changes directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid. 22
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helium Neon Noble Gases—exist as isolated, stable atoms.
19:2 Quick Notes Noble Gases—exist as isolated, stable atoms. a. ____________--used in blimps and balloons. b. __________, argon, and krypton—used in lights. helium Neon 23
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19:3 Quick Notes A. Properties of ___________-- form ionic and covalent bonds; have some metallic and some nonmetallic properties; partial conduction gives them ______________ characteristics. Metalloids semiconductor 24
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19:3 Quick Notes Boron The ____________ Group—named for the first element in Group 13. a. ___________ used in water softening products, antiseptics and fuels. Boron 25
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19:3 Quick Notes Aluminum b. _____________ --abundant in Earth’s crust; used in cans, foil wraps, pans, building materials, and aircraft. 26
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carbon The ____________ Group-- ___ electrons in outer energy level.
19:3 Quick Notes The ____________ Group-- ___ electrons in outer energy level. a. _____________ found in coal, oil, natural gas, and foods carbon 4 carbon 13CarbonSiliconGermaniumTinLead 27
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19:3 Quick Notes Silicon occurs as an ________- same element with different molecular structures. i. ___________ found in sand, rocks and soil. allotrope silicon 28
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c. _____________ is also used in semiconductors.
19:3 Quick Notes The main component in ___________ which conduct electricity under certain conditions. c. _____________ is also used in semiconductors. semiconductors Germanium 29
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Tin allotropes ______________-- used to coat other metals.
19:3 Quick Notes Tin ______________-- used to coat other metals. Diamonds, graphite and buckminsterfullerene are all _________________ of carbon. allotropes 30
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19:3 Quick Notes Nitrogen The __________ Group-- ____ electrons in outer energy level; tend to form covalent bonds. a. _________ used to make nitrates and ammonia. 5 Nitrogen 14NitrogenGroup 1.22 31
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bismuth Antimony Phosphorus
19:3 Quick Notes Phosphorus _____________ - used in water softeners, fertilizers, match heads, fine china. __________ and ___________ used with other metals to lower their melting points. bismuth Antimony 32
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Oxygen Oxygen The ___________ Group or Group 16.
19:3 Quick Notes Oxygen The ___________ Group or Group 16. a. ____________ makes up 20% of air, is used by living things in respiration and provides protection from the sun’s radiation. Oxygen 15OxygenFamily .58 33
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19:3 Quick Notes Sulfur ______________ is used to form sulfides for pigment in paint. _____________ is used in photocopiers and multivitamins. _________ & _________ are also in the oxygen group. Selenium Tellurium polonium 34
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19:3 Quick Notes Synthetic F. ____________ Elements—scientists create elements not usually found on Earth; synthetic elements usually disintegrate quickly. 35
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19:3 Quick Notes Uranium can be made into _____________ which forms plutonium when it disintegrates. _______________elements have more than _____ protons and are synthetic and unstable. neptunium Transuranium 92 36
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19:3 Quick Notes The study of synthesized elements help scientists to understand the forces holding the __________ together. Element 114 lasted for ______ seconds. nucleus 30 37
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repulsion It combined 114 protons with ________ neutrons.
19:3 Quick Notes It combined 114 protons with ________ neutrons. It broke apart due to enormous __________ between protons. 175 repulsion 38
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