1. Cellular Respiration: A Review
Waiz and Lindsay

3. What is Cellular Respiration?
Process of converting glucose and oxygen to water, carbon dioxide, and ATP
Involves 3 stages:
Glycolysis
Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

4. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Cellular energy molecule
The covalent bonds between phosphate groups stores energy
Short term
In cellular respiration, ADP is converted to ATP

5. Glycolysis

7. Glycolysis Literally means “splitting of sugar”
Breakdown of a glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules
Occurs in the cytoplasm

8. Glycolysis Two phases: Energy investment phase Energy payoff phase
Glycolysis occurs whether or not O2 is present
All cells carry out glycolysis

9. Glycolysis Uses 2 ATP to split glucose molecule Net: 2 Pyruvates 2 H2O
2 NADH (electron carrier)
2 H+
Utilizes substrate-level phosphorylation

10. Glycolysis (Intermediate Step)
To finish off, one carbon is removed from each of the two pyruvate molecules, resulting in two CO2 molecules being released
Electrons are stripped, forming NADH
Coenzyme A attaches to the two-carbon molecule, forming Acetyl CoA

11. Intermediate Step

12. Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

14. Big Picture Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
Releases the remaining carbons from the remnant glucose
Transfers the energy to NAD, FAD, and ADP
Electrons extracted carried into ETC

15. Kreb’s Output
For each acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle, two carbon dioxide molecules are released in reactions that are coupled with the production of NADH molecules from the reduction of NAD+ molecules. Two FADH2 (another electron carrier) molecules and 2 ATP are made as well.

16. Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis

18. ETC
Reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) give electrons to molecules near the beginning of the transport chain and turn back into NAD+, and FAD
Electrons are passed down the chain, with each protein using energy from them to pull a proton against a concentration gradient
Oxygen splits and combines with H+ to form water

19. Chemiosmosis Movement of ions down the concentration gradient
Protons move through ATP synthase, phosphorylating ADP

20. Important Facts
Not all cells need to use (or can’t use) the entire process of cellular respiration and some don’t even need it at all. These cells can use a combination of glycolysis and fermentation instead, which is utilized in the food industry in the form of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
Can anyone name three fermented foods?

21. fermentation

22. Total ATP Produced
30-38 ATP

23. Review