1. Reptilia

2. Characteristics Body covered with keratinized epidermal scales
Integument with few glands
Two paired limbs, usually with five toes
Adapted for various functions
(climbing, running, paddling, etc)
Skeleton well ossified
Skull with one occipital condyle
a protrusion on the skull that forms a joint that enables movement of the head; allows a wider range of motion

3. Characteristics Respiration by lungs Ectotherms
Pharynx or skin used by some
Ectotherms
12 pairs of cranial nerves
Internal fertilization
Eggs coved with calcareous or leathery shells

4. Characteristics that distinguish them from amphibians
Tough, dry, scaly skin
Protection against drying out & physical injury
Chromatophers
Color-bearing cells
Amniotic egg permits rapid development
Jaws designed for applying crushing or gripping force to prey
Some form of copulatory organ permitting internal fertilization

6. Characteristics that distinguish them from amphibians
Efficient & flexible circulatory system & higher blood pressure
Lungs are better developed
Suck air into lungs (amphibians force air into lungs)
Developed efficient strategies for water conservation
Better body support
Limbs designed for life on land
Nervous system more complex

7. Living Reptilian Groups
Order Testudines
turtles
Order Squamata
Snakes, lizards, worm lizards
Order Sphenodonta
Tuataras
Order Crocodilia
Crocodiles & Alligators

8. Turtles: Order Testudines
Enclosed in shells
Shell is fused to
thoracic vertebrae
& ribs
Protection for the
head & appendages
Jaws are provided with tough, keratinized plates (lack teeth)
Poor sound perception & most are mute
Good sense of smell & color vision
Oviparous & internal fertilization

9. Turtles: Order Testudines
Nest temperature determines sex of hatchlings
Low temperatures produce males
High temperatures produce females
Marine turtles can reach great size
Leatherbacks – 2 m (6 feet) & weight up to 900 kg (2,000 lbs)
Most are slow moving & low metabolism

10. A female leatherback sea turtle heaves herself from the surf at night to nest. Females often return to the same nesting areas where they were born to produce their own offspring.

12. Lizards, Snakes, & Worm Lizard: Order Squamata
~95% of all known
living reptiles
Kinetic skull
Movable joints
Enables seizing & manipulating prey

13. Lizards, Snakes, & Worm Lizard: Order Squamata
Terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, arboreal, & aerial members
Includes Geckos, iguanas, skinks, and chameleons
Most have movable eyelids
Keen vision for daylight
Ectothermic

15. Gila Monster

16. Lizards, Snakes, & Worm Lizard: Order Squamata
limbless & usually lack both pectoral & pelvic girdles
Numerous vertebrae – shorter & wider than most tetrapods
Highly kinetic skull
Allows snakes to swallow prey several times their own diameter
No movable eyelids & no external ears
Sensitive to vibrations through the ground

18. Lizards, Snakes, & Worm Lizard: Order Squamata
Jacobson’s organs
Pitlike organs in the roof of the mouth – lined with olfactory epithelium; richly innervated
Forked tongue
Flicked through the air, picks up scent molecules
Capture prey with mouth & swallow it while it is still alive
Some kill prey first by constriction
Some inject with venom (less than 20% of snakes are venomous)

22. Lizards, Snakes, & Worm Lizard: Order Squamata
Family Viperidae
Pit vipers – posses heat-sensitive pit organs between nostrils & eyes
Use pits to track warm-blooded prey & to aim strikes
N. American venomous snakes are pit vipers
Rattlesnake, water moccasin, copperheads
Teeth modified as fangs
Venom injected through a canal in the fangs
Neurotoxic venom
Acts on nervous system; affecting the optic nerves (blindness) or phrenic nerve of diaphragm (paralysis of respiration)
Hemorrhagin venom
Destroys red blood cells & blood vessels

25. Lizards, Snakes, & Worm Lizard: Order Squamata
Most are Oviparous
Producing eggs, with a shell, that hatch outside the body.
Some are Ovoviviporous (American pit vipers)
carry the eggs internally and upon delivery of the offspring the entire shell structure has thinned to the point that only the thin mucous membrane remains from which the offspring emerges.
Few are Viviparous
True live-bearing

26. Tuataras: Order Sphenodonta
Sphenos – wedge; odontos – tooth
Lizard-like form (66 cm long)
Slow-growing with long life
Recorded to have lived 77 years
Found only in New Zealand

27. Crocodiles & Alligators: Order Crocodilia
Crocodilians
Elongate, robust, well-reinforced skull & massive jaw musculature
Provides a wide gape & rapid, powerful closure
Complete secondary palate
Allows breathing when mouth is filled
Oviparous
Lays eggs
Can weigh up to 1000 kg (~2200 lbs)

31. Crocodiles & Alligators: Order Crocodilia
Less aggressive
Alligators have wider, U-shaped snouts is more pointed and V- shaped

32. Continental Reptiles Research
Research the reptiles of assigned continent
1. North America 2. South America 3. Europe 4. Asia 5. Africa 6. Australia (Oceania)
For each reptile include the following
Order
Appearance (drawing)
Size
Diet
Habitat
Range
Status (common, rare, threatened, or endangered)