1. Figure: 11-01
Title:
The structural regions of Earth
Caption:
Diagram showing the structural regions of Earth. The drawing is not to scale.
Notes:
Keywords:
region, Earth, atmosphere, hydrosphere, core, lithosphere, crust, mantle

2. Figure: 11-02
Title:
Limestone formations in Carlsbad Cavern
Caption:
Limestone formations in the Carlsbad Cavern. The stalactites hanging from the ceiling, and the stalagmites growing from the floor, are the result of centuries of buildup of calcium carbonate.
Notes:
Keywords:
limestone, Carlsbad Cavern, stalactite, stalagmite, calcium carbonate

3. Figure: 11-03
Title:
Silicate tetrahedron
Caption:
The silicate tetrahedron has an Si atom at the center and an O atom at each of the four corners. The shaded area (green) shows how the SiO4 tetrahedron is typically represented in a mineral structure.
Notes:
Keywords:
silicate, tetrahedron, Si, mineral

4. Figure: 11-04
Title:
A variety of quartz crystals
Caption:
A variety of quartz crystals. Counterclockwise from upper right: citrine (yellowish quartz), colorless quartz, amethyst (purple quartz), and smoky quartz. The chemical structure of quartz shows that each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom is bonded to two silicon atoms.
Notes:
Keywords:
quartz, crystal, amethyst, smoky quartz, citrine, silicon

5. Figure: 11-05
Title:
A sample of mica
Caption:
A sample of mica, showing cleavage into thin, transparent sheets. The chemical structure of mica shows sheets of SiO4 tetrahedra. The sheets are bound together by cations, principally Al3+ (not shown). Mica is used as transparent “window” material in industrial furnaces.
Notes:
Keywords:
mica, tetrahedra, sheet, cation, window, silicon, aluminum

6. Figure: 11-06
Title:
Chrysotile asbestos
Caption:
A sample of chrysotile asbestos. The chemical structure of chrysotile shows double chains of SiO4 tetrahedra. The two chains are joined to each other through oxygen atoms. The double chains in turn are bound to each other by cations, principally Mg2+ (not shown).
Notes:
Keywords:
chrysotile, asbestos, tetrahedron, cation, magnesium

7. Figure: 11-07
Title:
A modern blast furnace
Caption:
A modern blast furnace. Iron ore, coke, and limestone are added at the top, and hot air is injected at the bottom.
Notes:
Question: What is the role of each of the three substances added at the top of the furnace?
Keywords:
blast furnace, iron ore, coke, limestone, hot air

8. Figure: 11-08
Title:
A basic oxygen furnace
Caption:
A basic oxygen furnace. The steel vessel is lined with dolomite, a mixed calcium and magnesium carbonate (CaCO3 · MgCO3).
Notes:
Keywords:
oxygen furnace, dolomite, magnesium carbonate, calcium

9. Figure: 11-09
Title:
Containment pond for waste cyanide solution
Caption:
Waste cyanide solution from the leaching of gold from ore is stored in a large containment pond. This facility is part of a gold mining operation in the Mojave Desert of California.
Notes:
Keywords:
cyanide solution, waste, containment pond, gold, ore, Mojave Desert, mining

10. Figure: 11-10
Title:
Municipal waste in the United States
Caption:
Municipal wastes in the United States are largely paper, cardboard, and yard wastes. Paper and cardboard can be recycled. Yard wastes and food wastes can be composted.
Notes:
Keywords:
municipal waste, United States, paper, cardboard, yard waste, food waste, compost

11. Figure: 11-11
Title:
Earth's population
Caption:
Two thousand years ago, Earth’s population was about 300 million. It changed little over the next thousand years and is estimated to have been only 310 million at the end of the first millennium. It reached 1 billion about This graph shows the intervals in which an additional billion people were added to Earth’s population, with projections to (Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision. New York: 2005.)
Notes:
Keywords:
population, Earth, millennium

12. Figure: 11-T01
Title:
Elemental composition of the Earth’s surface
Caption:
Elemental composition of the Earth’s surface.
Notes:
Keywords:
elemental composition, Earth, oxygen, silicon, hydrogen, aluminum, sodium, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium

13. Figure: 11-T02
Title:
Some nonsilicate minerals of economic importance
Caption:
Some nonsilicate minerals of economic importance.
Notes:
Keywords:
nonsilicate, mineral, hematite, magnetite, corundum, galena, cinnabar, calcite, sphalerite

14. Figure: 11-T03
Title:
SiO4 tetrahedra in some silicate minerals
Caption:
SiO4 tetrahedra in some silicate minerals.
Notes:
Keywords:
tetrahedra, silicate, mineral, zircon, spudomene, muscovite mica, quartz, chrysotile asbestos

15. Figure: 11-T04
Title:
Compositions and properties of various glasses
Caption:
Compositions and properties of various glasses.
Notes:
Keywords:
glass, composition, soda-lime, borosilicate, aluminosilicate, lead, alabaster, colored, photochromic, laser, frosted

16. Figure: 11-T05
Title:
Some other important metals
Caption:
Some other important metals.
Notes:
Keywords:
metal, chromium, lead, gold, magnesium, mercury, nickel, platinum, silver, sodium, tin, tungsten, uranium, zinc