1. Chapter 19
Transnational actors and international organizations in global politics
Name: MA XINYUE
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2. What we are experiencing!
We are experiencing a world troubled by natural catastrophes, civil war, global epidemics, rampant terrorism, economic inequality, authoritarian rule, populism, rising crime and violence.
Only a sole state can not cope with such changeable situations.
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3. The relations between governments and many other actors from each country
State-centric approach & open-ended approach
Other actors including in global politics
The interaction between governments and NGOs, along with transnational companies and international organizations
Introduction:
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4. Introduction of the classification of global political actors
The bottom of the three categories all form international NGOs
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5. Problems with the state-centric approach
Confusion over three meanings of States
State as a legal person
State as a country with a distinct political system of people with common values
State as apparatus of government
Civil society & States
Differences between countries
In sizes--- superpowers and middle and small powers
In economic strength---- transnational companies
In population--- NGOs
In regimes---- political governance
The general recognition of their right to have their own government--- only in common
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6. Problems with the state-centric approach
Assumptions--- inconsistency about different level of analysis
Criticisms of the relationship between states and international system
As the inconsistency of powers among states, the basic situation of international system is center-edged structure
Many governments control fewer resources than many transnational actors
However, states are located in anarchic international system. It is operated by the centripetal force of power.
National identity & Nationalism
Difference --- politics within states and politics between states
National loyalty & loyalty to a country
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7. Transnational companies as political actors
Loss of control over financial flows and over taxing of inter-firm trade
Loss of control over international flows of goods due to triangulation of trade
Regulatory arbitrage and loss of sovereignty
Extraterritoriality and clash of jurisdictions
Clash of interests between states and TNCs under conditions of market failure and externalities-----reregulation
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8. Non-legitimate groups and liberation movements as political actors
Transnational criminals and their political impact
Criminal financial flows can be massive and unpredictable
Criminal trade has been so extensively diversified
Using the law against criminal produces a similar effect to movement by TNCs for regulatory arbitrage
Extraterritoriality does occur with respect to jurisdiction over criminal behavior
Transnational guerrilla groups and gaining legitimacy
Groups using violence to achieve political goals generally do not achieve legitimacy, but in exceptional circumstances they may be recognized as national liberation movements and take part in diplomacy
The significance of criminals, terrorists, and guerrillas
The transnational activities of criminals and guerrillas shift problems of the domestic policy of countries into the realm of global politics
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9. Non-governmental organizations as political actors
Consultative status at the UN for NGOs
A small number of high-status NGOs
Specialist NGOs
A roster of other NGOs
The UN definition of an acceptable NGO
An NGO should support the aims and the work of the UN
An NGO should be a representative body and an officer to a democratic policy-making conference
An NGO cannot be a profit-making body
An NGO cannot use or advocate violence
An NGO must respect the norm of ' non-interference in the internal affairs of states'.
An NGO is one that is not established by intergovernmental agreement
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10. Non-governmental organizations as political actors
Any international activity cannot cut off from the global civil society.
Most transnational actors can expect to gain recognition as NGOs by UN exclusive from those unadmitted actors that are opposite to individual government
The ECOSOC statute provides an authoritative statement that NGOs have a legitimate place in intergovernmental diplomacy
The creation of a complex global economy leads to the broader ranges of transnational links to international NGOs in globalization
NGOs has made the internet a public global communications system,
the efficacy among governments of the informational flow has increased
NGOs from each country may combine in four ways: international NGOs, advocacy networks, caucuses, governance networks
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11. International organizations as structures of global politics
International organizations are structures for political communication, they are systems that constrain the behavior of their members.
Governments form intergovernmental organizations and transnational actors form international non-governmental organizations.
In addition, governments and transnational actors accord each other equal status by jointly creating hybrid international organization.
International organizations are more than the collective will of their members. They have a distinct impact on other global actors.
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12. The high politics/low politics are distinguished by the variety of transnational actors correlation in global politics, and this cannot separately analyze.
Capabilities are not constrained within military and economic resources. Communication facilities, information, authority, and status are also important political assets.
Different policy domains contain different actors, responds to the influence on the global politics is depending on the salience of the issues being invoked.
Transnational actors gain recognitions through their way to involve into the policy problem with related issues.
Conclusion
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13. Conclusion:
NGOs gain influence much more effectively than TNCs differing from the approach. However, both of them are the main sources of economic and political change in global politics.
The state-centric approach is being challenged in global politics. We can recognize that governments are losing sovereignty when faced with economic activities of transnational companies and the violent threat form criminal and guerrillas.
Non-governmental organizations engage in such a web of global relations, including participation in diplomacy, that government have lost their political independence.
Events in any area of global policy-making have to be understood in term of complex systems, containing governments, companies, and NGOs interacting in a variety of international organizations
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14. Questions:
What contributions do NGOs make to arms control negotiations?
What is a hybrid international organizations?
How it is possible for NGOs to exercise influence in global politics?
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