1. Chapter 11
Intro to Genetics

2. Question of the day How many hybrids are there on the earth?
All humans, plants, animals, even some cars are hybirds - there is no such thing as “pure bred”

3. 11-1 Father Gregor Mendel Who was he?
Austrian monk, who taught Biology and grew plants for the monastery.
Originally from Czech Republic in 1822
Worked with pea plants

4. Genetics Why is what Mendel studied important?
Studied the foundation of genetics (1st time anyone did)
Genetics - scientific study of heredity
What does heredity mean?
Inheirit DNA from prior generations

5. What is Geneology? The study of your ancestors and family tree
Often determined by your name
Where your ancestors lived
Parents occupation or livelihood
Ethnic background
Etc

6. What are genes? Genes are your chromosomes How many do you have?
You have 25, ,000 genes
What do they do?
Carry info to determine your traits

7. What are traits?
Traits are the physical features passed down to you from parents, grandparents, etc.
What are some good examples?
Eye color
Hair Color & texture
Widows peak
Skin Color
Bone features (dimples, pronounced chin, etc.)

8. Genes & Dominance
GM studied specific charac. passed onto generations called traits
Parents (P) pass down traits to offspring (F1)
Why is it called F1?
F1 = 1st filial (latin for son/daughter)

9. Parents & Characteristics
All Parents (P) are TRUE- BREEDING (if self fertilized would produce identical F1)
Two parents w/ diff. traits produce cross (HYBRID) F1
Pass down GENES (chem factors for traits)
Diff. kinds/types of genes are ALLELES
Some alleles are DOMINANT over others

10. Future Generations Called F2 and so on
When F1 reproduces alleles SEGREGATE or pull apart
Then GAMETES form (sex cells for reproduction)

11. 11-2 Punnett Squares P.S. - The outcome diagram for offspring
Can predict F1, F2… from P cross
Takes alleles and crosses them
Shows the PROBABILITY of genetic outcomes

12. Phenotype & Genotype Organism with same alleles HETEROZYGOUS -
Organism with diff. alleles
PHENOTYPE - physical characterist.
GENOTYPE - genetic makeup
All dominant alleles will show phenotype

13. 11-3 Exploring Mendel’s Genetics
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT - Parent Alleles will separate independently and then recombine in offspring
One-Factor Cross - tracking 1 allele
Two-Factor Cross - tracking 2 alleles

14. Summary of Mendel’s Principles
Individuals inherit genes, passed down from parents
If 2 forms of a gene exist, 1 is dominant other is recessive
Parents have 2 copies of each gene, only pass 1 to offspring
Alleles segregate independently

15. Different Types of Dominance/Recession
Some traits are controlled by multiple alleles that aren’t dominant or recessive
Incomplete Dominance - where heterozygous phenotype ends up in between two dominant phenotypes

16. Codominance Two or more alleles contribute to one combined phenotype
Example Horses
Roan Coat - made up of brown & gray hair looks reddish

17. Multiple Alleles Genes that have >2 alleles for a trait
Combine to have multiple dominant phenotypes
Examples - Rabbit coat colors & blood types

18. Polygenic Traits Traits controlled by 2 or more genes
“Having many genes”
Example - Human skin color is controlled by 4 different genes
Lots of variations

19. 11-4 Meiosis Just like Mitosis only with 2 rounds of it
Have HOMOLOGOUS pairs - 2 sets of chromosomes (1 from each parent)
Homologous pairs are DIPLOID - 2 sets of chromosomes
Some reproducing organisms are HAPLOID 1 set of chromsomes

20. Phases of Meiosis A form of gamete  (sex cells, not regular cells)
Two cycles of mitosis
Called MEIOSIS I & II
Cuts all Diploid chromosomes in 1/2
End up with 4 daughter cells

21. Meiosis I
Interphase& Prophase I - Pairs of chromosomes come together form TETRAD
Sometimes in tetrad, chromosomes get tangled up (CROSS-OVER) & exchange genetic info
Metaphase - Chromosomes lineup
Anaphase - Get separated by spindles & pull homologous cells away
Telophase&Cytokinesis -  cytoplasm, nuclear mem. (2 daughter cells)

22. Meiosis I Picture

23. Meiosis II From Meiosis I have 2 haploid daughter cells (Prophase II)
Metaphase II- Chromosomes lineup and separate on spindles (like mitosis)
Anaphase II - Chromatids get pulled apart
Telophase II & Cytokinesis -  nuclear mem. & cytoplasm
End up with 4 daughter cells

24. Gamete Formation Males make 4 sperm cells
Females make 1 egg & 3 polar bodies
Only cells in human body that undergo meiosis

25. Differences Between Meiosis & Mitosis
4 Daughter Cells
Gametes (Sex Cells)
2 Cycles of Mitosis
Only 1/2 time Interphase
Diploid & Haploid Chromosomes
Tetrads
Mitosis
2 Daughter Cells
All cells except Gametes
1 Cycle only
Interphase each time
Diploid Only
No Tetrads

26. 11-5 Gene Linkage All alleles occur are on same gene in every human
Some come together and are”linked”
These genes can be tracked or mapped
Gene Map - locations of certain alleles on genes