1. WARM UP 1. How was Khrushchev different from Stalin?
Answer the following questions:
1. How was Khrushchev different from Stalin?
2. What was the Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957?
3. What was the significance of the U-2 Incident?

2. 5.8 – THE COLD WAR AT HOME

3. Fear of Communist Influence
Early 1950s - Americans believed they had good reason to fear for US security
USSR spread communism to satellite nations
Communism in China
Height of WWII, 100,000 Americans claimed Communist Party affiliation  loyalty to the USSR?

5. Loyalty Review Board
Truman accused of being “soft” on communism  March 1947, Truman issued an exec. order establishing the Federal Employee Loyalty Program
Included the Loyalty Review Board to investigate fed. employees and dismiss those disloyal to the US gov’t
3.2M investigated
212 dismissed
2,900 resigned – did not want to be investigated or felt rights were violated
Individuals under investigation were NOT allowed to see evidence against them (6th Amendment violation)

6. The House of Un-American Activities Committee
House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
1947 – began to investigate Communist influence in the film industry - suspected subliminal communist propaganda in films
Hollywood Ten – 10 “unfriendly” witnesses from the film industry chose not to participate in investigation, believed it unconstitutional  sent to prison
Hollywood executives issued a blacklist (list of unfavorable people) condemned for having a Communist background
500 actors, writers, producers, directors  ruined careers

7. The McCarran Act 1950 – McCarran Internal Security Act
Unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the US
Truman VETOED – can only punish people for crimes committed… NOT for beliefs/opinions held
Congress OVERRODE VETO and passed the act anyway
VS.
Sen. Pat McCarran

8. Alger Hiss
1948 – Alger Hiss accused of spying for USSR by former Communist spy
Evidence: microfilms of gov’t documents claimed to have been typed on his typewriter
Could not charge with espionage due to statute of limitations  charged with perjury, sent to prison, released after 3.5 years
Claimed innocence, document forged  1990s Soviet documents released seem to prove guilt

9. The Rosenbergs Background
Sept. 3, 1949 – US finds out about USSR atomic bomb test
US scientists predicted another 5 yrs… Had US Communist sympathizers known about the US bomb during WWII and leaked secrets?
1950 – German-born physicist Klaus Fuchs admitted to providing the USSR with US bomb secrets
Fuchs also implicated Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, minor activists in the American Communist Party

10. The Rosenbergs
Rosenberg charged with espionage – sending diagrams and information about US atomic bomb development
When asked if Communists and spies, both pleaded the 5th Amendment (right to not self-incriminate)  claimed charges were for being Jewish and holding radical beliefs
March 9, Found guilty of espionage, “worse than murder”  sentenced to death

11. The Rosenbergs
People from around the globe pleaded for clemency (forgiveness/leniency) for the Rosenbergs but evidence too weak
SCOTUS refused to overturn conviction or sentence
June 19, 1953 – Rosenbergs executed via electric chair
Julius died after the first shock
Ethel shocked several more times, declared dead while smoke rose from her head
First US civilians executed for espionage
Later evidence revealed the Rosenbergs did share classified info

12. McCarthy’s Witch Hunt Joseph McCarthy
Republican Senator Wisconsin
Needed a winning platform for reelection in 1952  “Communists are taking over the gov’t!”
Took advantage of US fears about communism, made unsupported accusations
Claimed to have 205 Communist names in the State Dep’t – never actually named a single man
Democratic party – “20 years of treason” for allowing communism to infiltrate the gov’t
Made all accusations in the Senate where he had congressional immunity from slander charges

13. McCarthy’s Witch Hunt
Republicans did little to stop McCarthy’s attacks
Republicans may be favored in 1952 elections if the party was seen as purging Communists from gov’t
6 republican senators spoke out, led by Maine Sen. Margaret Chase Smith
“I speak as a Republican.
I speak as a woman.
I speak as a United States senator.
I speak as an American…
I am not proud of the way in which the Senate has been made a publicity platform for irresponsible sensationalism.
I am not proud of the reckless abandon in which unproved charges have been hurled from this side of the aisle.”
– Margaret Chase Smith

14. Causes Effects McCarthyism
McCarthyism – the unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty to the US without providing evidence.
Soviets established Communist gov’ts in satellite nations (eastern Europe)
Soviet atomic bomb developed quicker than expected
Communism in China, containment failed in Korea
Republicans gain political ground by calling Truman “soft” on communism
Causes
McCarthyism – paranoia in gov’t and society
Millions of Americans are forced to take loyalty oaths and undergo loyalty investigations
Activism by labor unions goes into decline (labor unions seen as socialist)
Many Americans scared to speak out on public issues
Anti-communism continues to drive US foreign policy.
Effects

15. McCarthy’s Downfall
1954 – McCarthy made accusations against the US Army
Televised Senate hearings
McCarthy publically bullied witnesses  alienated the audience, lost public support
Senate condemned McCarthy for improper conduct that “tended to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute.”  viewed as a liability to the Republican party
1957 – McCarthy an alcoholic, died

16. Beginning of Cold War COLD WAR CAUSES
- Soviet domination of eastern Europe
- Communist victory in China
- Mutual suspicion between US and USSR
IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
- Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
- East-West tensions over Berlin
- Establishment of NATO and Warsaw Pact
- McCarthyism
LONGTERM EFFECTS
- Arms race between superpowers
- Superpower rivalry for world power
COLD WAR