1. Unit Four
Exercises on text

2. Completing the statements by supplying the missing words.
(1) ______ are professional students of language and languages.
linguists
(2) Linguists insist that all languages and varieties of language are ______. That is to say, there are no ______ or ______ language.
equal, primitive, underdeveloped
(3) The reason for the spread of English worldwide are ______, ______, and ______ rather than ______.
political, cultural, economic, linguistic

3. (4) The idea of primitive or underdeveloped languages is mistaken and linguists have proposed the notion of the ______, or ______, of languages.
parity, equality
(5) If a word of a language takes various forms, most commonly by alteration of an ending, to show its grammatical role, we say the language is ______.
inflected
(6) Languages change with time, as the needs of their users change, but change does not mean ______.
evolutionary progress

4. (8) Standard English spoken with a Received Pronunciation is a ______.
(7) The varieties that belong to the well-off and the well-educated are ______.
prestige varieties
(8) Standard English spoken with a Received Pronunciation is a ______.
prestige variety
(9) When people say that one variety has more prestige than another, they mean that the variety is connected with speakers who have wealth, ______, ______ and all that goes with those things.
education, power

5. (11) ______ is a film adapted from Pygmalion.
(10) The play ______ written by G.B. Shaw was originally a story from ______.
Pygmalion, Greek myths
(11)  ______ is a film adapted from Pygmalion.
My Fair Lady
(12) Specialists in the study of sounds are called ______.
phoneticians
(13)  Varieties or dialects can be ______, historical, ______, or ______.
regional, social, individual

6. (14) It is possible to lean to read the English of a past time
(14)  It is possible to lean to read the English of a past time. The further back in the past the more ______ it is and the ______ it takes.
difficult, longer
(15) A ______ is the sort of English use which is associated with a part of society, that is with rich or poor, well or poorly educated.
social variety
(16) ______ and ______ varieties are connected. You can tell what region someone who uses the English of the poorer and the less well-educated comes from.
Social, regional

7. (17) In English, “don’t”, “can’t” and ‘shan’t” are called ______.
contractions
(18) The language which is intermediate between that of their native language and that of the one being learned is called ______.
intermediate language
(19) ______ are students who have forgotten the early stages of learning a language.
False beginners
(20) ______ refers to switching from one language, dialect, etc. to another.
Code switching

8. (21) ______ refers to any part of the lexicon of a language judged to be more basic in some respect than others.
Core vocabulary
(22) In scientific and academic writing the verbs are very often in the ______ voice.
passive
(23) English differs with the ______, and also with the different ______ that speakers have for English.
user, uses

9. (25) English is used in different circumstances with different ______.
(24) Learning about the differences in uses belongs to a ______ of learning---for native speakers and for users of English as an additional language.
second stage
(25) English is used in different circumstances with different ______.
degrees of formality
(26) English differs with users and use. To describe this we can use the terms ______ and ______.
variation with user, variation with use

10. (30) ______ is usually the work of just one person for many readers.
(27)   The rules for written English are: sentences should be ______; every sentence must have a ______ and a ______; ______ should never be put at the end of a sentence; ______ or even ______ should never be used.
complete, subject, verb, preposition, slang, informal words
(28)  English varies with the _____ or _____ that is spoken about or written about.
topic, subject
(29)  In academic writing, _____ has to be consistent and even.
Style
(30)    ______ is usually the work of just one person for many readers.
Written English