1. Structure of United Nations Peace Operations

2. AGENDA multidimensional peace operations
Main components of peace operations
Additional components

3. Multidimensional Peace Ops
Wide mission mandates
Many civilian tasks
Many components
The model illustrates the linkages between mission components and between the mission and the UNCT, which help
optimize integration and unity of purpose. While it shows separate functional components, their operation in the field should be within integrated teams. In complex environments, the MLT should meet regularly in order to build trust, enhance teamwork, and develop consensus on implementation of the mandate. In integrated missions, it is essential that regular meetings between the MLT and the heads of the various UN agencies of the Country Team also take place. In addition to the maintenance of open communication lines,
the MLT can improve its shared understanding and effectiveness through a number of joint institutions, such as the Joint Operations Centre (JOC), the Joint Mission Analysis Centre (JMAC), and an Integrated Support Service (ISS) that harnesses all logistical resources for the mission through a Joint Logistics Operations Centre (JLOC). Overall, the structure of the mission should be determined by function, not by a bureaucratic logic. Expertise should be placed where it is most needed, which may not necessarily be within
its apparent parent component.

4. Tasks and “themes”
Components for political & civil affairs, law, public information, other
Special units for gender, child protection, discipline, HIV/AIDS
“Clusters” for Rule of Law/Governance, Administration/Management

5. Office of the SRSG/ Head of Mission
Leadership, vision
Political negotiation
Benchmarks of progress
Harmony of total effort
Good order, discipline
Mission safety, security
depending on the mandate, the role of the HoM can be viewed on three levels:
first, s/he is the lead political representative of the international community through the mandated authority of the
Security Council and the Secretary-General;
second, s/he is the head of the UN peacekeeping operation and responsible for all its mandated activities;
and third, of increasing emphasis, s/he is the coordinator of all UN activities and programmes beyond peacekeeping and political/security tasks.

6. Military components Formed units UNMOs Liaison officers Staff officers
The primary function of the military component is to observe and report on security­ related issues and provide security. Military contingents vary in capability; policies; pro­ cedures; and understanding of peacekeeping, humanitarian and development issues from country to country. Each peacekeeping mission has a military component specifically designed to fulfil the mandate and operational requirement of that mission.
Military capability, particularly in specialized capacities such as communications, aviation, engineering, and medical and logistic support, is often difficult for the UN to obtain, and may be used only where it is uniquely able to fulfil the task at hand. Where civilian sources can meet an approved operational requirement and the military component of a mission is fully employed, civilian resources should be used.

7. Force commander Commands military component Executes military mandate
Supervises military bodies in peace process
Chief interlocutor with warring parties
Responsible for conduct of military personnel
Force commander and military staffs
A peacekeeping force is commanded by a force commander, who, although an active duty member of his/her parent armed forces, is a salaried UN staff member. All Member States retain national command over their own troops and most take a very keen interest in ensur­ ing that their troops are employed as agreed in negotiations that take place (in UN Head­ quarters) before they deploy. A particular concern will be safety and security. Clearly, the security of unarmed MILOBs will be of special interest; in some situations they are at greater risk than unarmed UN civilians.
Military staffs (FHQ and Sector level): Staff officers: Although technically part of contingents, individual military officers serve in staff posts, both within the force headquarters and in various specialized positions where they are integrated with civilian staff, e.g. in sections such as Integrated Support Services (also see IDDRS 3.42 on Personnel and Staffing) and DDR.

8. Formed unit Infantry Force HQ Engineers Mine clearance Medical
Logistics
Transport (land, sea, air)
Communications, signals
Formed units or contingents: These can include armour, infantry, aviation, engineers and various support units, some of which can provide logistic support, including specialists in explosives and weapons destruction. Normally the support element of the force is designed primarily for the needs of the military component. The tasking of the logistic support, aviation and engineering units is actually controlled by the mission’s chief of integrated support services (i.e., a civilian who is not part of the military component)

9. UNMOs /MILOBs Deployed unarmed in small teams
Encourage negotiation, dialogue
Observe and report on situation
Monitor military agreements
Military observers (MILOBs): MILOBs are unarmed officers normally provided by Member States for 12 months and operating in small teams of between two and six. Where possible, MILOBs are incorporated into the force command structure

10. MISSION HQ FOR YA18 (HICON)

11. JOC Facilitates information-sharing Coordinates, harmonizes efforts
The role of the JOC is to maintain mission-wide situational awareness and coordinate operations. The JOC informs the mission leadership so that they can make more effective, knowledgeable decisions. The JOC also alerts to prevent or respond to FLASH reports in response to mission-critical issues

12. JMAC Integrated Military, police, civilian manning
“Peacekeeping” Intelligence advice
Across all mission activities
(2005), the Joint Mission Analysis Centre (JMAC), mandate is to produce mission-wide integrated analyses for the senior management of peacekeeping missions JMAC teams are composed of military, police and civilian team members who share a same physical office space and report to a common civilian chief.
“JMAC generates integrated analytical products, providing the [Head of Mission] and [Mission Leadership Team] with an incisive understanding of issues and trends, their implications and potential developments, as well as assessments of cross-cutting issues and
threats that may affect the implementation of the mission’s mandate”

13. UN police Individual officers or formed units
Advise, mentor, train local police
Rebuilding law-and-order capacity
Establish performance standards

14. UN police special roles
Maintain law and order
Interface with all elements
Partner with civil affairs
Support DDR
Security for electoral processes

15. Chief Admin Officer, Mission Support
Logistics
Personnel
Finance
Procurement
General services
Transport (air, surface)
Integrated support services
Communications, information
Health services
The CAO is responsible for the missions’ human, financial, and material resources and serves as the senior adviser to the HoM on administrative and logistics issues.
In larger missions, specialists in all the administrative functional areas of finance, personnel, procurement and asset management as well as the technical and logistic functions of supply, communications and information technology, engineering and transport may work under the CAO. In small missions, the support component may be limited to an administrative officer and some specialized staff performing those tasks
In a complex mission involving assigned aircraft and formed military and civilian police units, there is a greater need for harmonizing the support effort with the operational activities of the mission. This requires larger, more integrated components of civilian and uniformed specialists organized into discrete administrative and technical sub-levels supervised by senior managers who report to the CAO or director of administration.
The CAO/DOA assists the SRSG in ensuring that the mission is managed, administered and supported within the rules of the UN and with support from Headquarters. The CAO/DOA must carefully balance respect for the SRSG as Head of Mission with his or her responsibilities to the Organization as the mission's certifying officer, appointed directly by the UN controller. It is crucial that the SRSG has access to effective and qualified legal support from a legal adviser to ensure that operational decisions are based on the parameters of the mandate, international law, UN rules and procedures and local laws.

16. Political affairs Focuses on thorny details of political settlements
Works with host, diplomatic community. partners
The fundamental concern of political affairs in a peacekeeping context is to understand the dynamics of the armed conflict that created the requirement for a peacekeeping operation, to follow closely the evolution of these dynamics and to develop strategies to help the parties in conflict resolve disputes through peaceful means. Political affairs work is, therefore, at the heart of conflict management in a peacekeeping mandate.
Regardless of the size or scope of the operation, political affairs officers must never lose sight of the larger national and international political context. Dissecting whose interests are served by the perpetuation of the conflict and, within the confines of the mandate, devising innovative solutions for changing the underlying dynamics are the great challenges of political affairs officers.

17. Civil affairs Assist civilian authorities, communities
Restore political, legal, socio-economic structures
Mediate, negotiate to encourage reconciliation
Interact with local leaders, media
The role of civil affairs is to engage and assist local civilian authorities and communities in efforts to consolidate peace by restoring the political, legal, economic and social infrastructures that support democratic governance and economic development.
Civil affairs officers are the civilian face of the mission to the local population and it is therefore particularly important that they understand local culture, customs, institutions and laws and are prepared to learn from local stakeholders. With increasingly complex mandates, civil affairs work inevitably spans both peacekeeping and peacebuilding

18. Humanitarian assistance
Mandate for delivery or coordination
Led by humanitarian coordinator
Coordinates funds, programmes, agencies
Works with other organizations
Deploying peacekeeping operations and providing humanitarian assistance are two long-standing United Nations (UN) responses to armed conflict.
Humanitarian assistance is emergency, life-saving assistance provided to victims of war and natural disasters. It is intended to protect lives and safeguard the health of those in need, regardless of nationality, race, gender, class or religious or political beliefs. It includes efforts to provide adequate food, water, health care (including psychological support), shelter and other essential supplies. Humanitarian assistance may also encompass operations to clear mines and emergency repairs to transport and communications infrastructures. It may also be linked to efforts to provide basic physical security as well as measures to build or revive institutions needed to deliver assistance or prepare for future emergencies
Humanitarian assistance is based on three key principles:
• ?Humanity. To protect life and health and ensure respect for the human being as an individual;
• ?Impartiality. To make no discrimination on the basis of nationality, race, gender, class or religious or political beliefs; to relieve the suffering of individuals guided solely by their needs; and to give priority to the most urgent cases of distress; and
• ?Neutrality. To take no side in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature.

19. Human rights Monitor and promote human rights
Investigate, report and follow-up violations
Support development of the rule of law
The work of the human rights component is guided by specific mandates and a legal framework. The comprehensive nature of the international legal framework governing situations of armed conflict, peacemaking, peacekeeping and peacebuilding includes international humanitarian law, human rights law, refugee law and international criminal law.
The seven principal human rights instruments, in addition to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, are the following:
• ?International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and its two Optional Protocols;
• ?International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR);
• ?International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD);
• ?Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT);
• ?Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and its Optional Protocol;
• ?Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and its two Optional Protocols; and
• ?International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

20. Public information Explains mandate, publicizes progress
Becomes trusted local news source
Builds confidence in peace process
Helps others achieve objectives
the public information component must develop a coherent public information strategy based on mission objectives and secure the necessary resources and administrative support for its activities. It must immediately explain the presence and mandate of the peacekeeping operation to the local population, the parties to the conflict and other international entities and agencies operating in the mission area. It should provide unbiased and accurate information on the peace process, and in this way helps
allay concerns of parties to the conflict that the UN might intervene in a partisan way. It can promote realistic expectations about what the UN peacekeeping operation can achieve, helping to avoid future disappointment or anger directed at the operation.

21. QUESTIONS?