1. Volume 25, Issue 2, Pages 101-115 (June 2018)
Ginger polyphenols attenuate cyclosporine-induced disturbances in kidney function: Potential application in adjuvant transplant therapy 
Adekunle Isiaka Ayofe , Imafidon Christian Eseigbe , Oladele Ayowole Abraham , Ayoka Abiodun Oladele  
Pathophysiology 
Volume 25, Issue 2, Pages (June 2018)
DOI: /j.pathophys
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2. Fig. 1 Chemical structures of the major active ingredients of Ginger.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
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3. Fig. 2
Radical scavenging activity of Ginger polyphenols at different concentrations.
Graph showing concentration-dependent radical scavenging activity of ginger polyphenol (p ˂ 0.0001; F = 674.40). Each value (n = 3) is expressed as mean ± standard Error of Mean; RSA = Radical Scavenging Activity; GP = Ginger Polyphenol; BHA = Butylated hydroxyl anisole.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
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4. Fig. 3
Effects of GP on change in food consumption (g) and percentage weight change [PWC (%)] of Wistar rats with cyclosporine-induced kidney injury.
Each bar represents mean ± standard error of mean at p ˂ 0.05.
* = Significantly different from control; α = significantly different from CYA group; β = significantly different from 3 weeks self-recovery group; and γ = significantly different from 6 weeks self-recovery group.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
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5. Fig. 4
Effects of GP on relative kidney weight [RKW (%)] of Wistar rats with cyclosporine-induced kidney injury.
Each bar represents mean ± standard error of mean at p ˂ 0.05.
* = Significantly different from control; α = significantly different from CYA group; and β = significantly different from 3 weeks self-recovery group.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
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6. Fig. 5
Effects of GP on changes in water intake (ml) and urine volume (ml) of Wistar rats with cyclosporine-induced kidney injury.
Each bar represents mean ± standard error of mean at p ˂ 0.05.
* = Significantly different from control; α = significantly different from CYA group; β = significantly different from 3 weeks self-recovery group; and γ = significantly different from 6 weeks self-recovery group.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
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7. Fig. 6
Effects of GP on plasma and urine sodium levels (mEq/l) of Wistar rats with cyclosporine-induced kidney injury.
Each bar represents mean ± standard error of mean at p ˂ 0.05.
* = Significantly different from control; α = significantly different from CYA group; β = significantly different from 3 weeks self-recovery group; γ = significantly different from 6 weeks self-recovery group; § = significantly different from 100 mg/kg GP treatment; and # = significantly different from 200 mg/kg GP treatment.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
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8. Fig. 7
Effects of GP on plasma and urine potassium levels (mEq/l) of Wistar rats with cyclosporine-induced kidney injury.
Each bar represents mean ± standard error of mean at p ˂ 0.05.
* = Significantly different from control; α = significantly different from CYA group; β = significantly different from 3 weeks self-recovery group; γ = significantly different from 6 weeks self-recovery group; § = significantly different from 100 mg/kg GP treatment; and # = significantly different from 200 mg/kg GP treatment.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

9. Fig. 8
Effects of GP on plasma and urine creatinine levels (mg/dl) of Wistar rats with cyclosporine-induced kidney injury.
Each bar represents mean ± standard error of mean at p ˂ 0.05.
* = Significantly different from control; α = significantly different from CYA group; β = significantly different from 3 weeks self-recovery group; and γ = significantly different from 6 weeks self-recovery group.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
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10. Fig. 9
Effects of GP on creatinine clearance (ml/min) of Wistar rats with cyclosporine-induced kidney injury.
Each bar represents mean ± standard error of mean at p ˂ 0.05.
* = Significantly different from control; α = significantly different from CYA group; β = significantly different from 3 weeks self-recovery group; and γ = significantly different from 6 weeks self-recovery group.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
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11. Fig. 10
Effects of GP on plasma urea (mg/l) and urine urea (g/l) levels of Wistar rats with cyclosporine-induced kidney injury.
Each bar represents mean ± standard error of mean at p ˂ 0.05.
* = Significantly different from control; α = significantly different from CYA group; β = significantly different from 3 weeks self-recovery group; and γ = significantly different from 6 weeks self-recovery group.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
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12. Fig. 11
Effects of GP on kidney GSH level (μg/mg protein) and SOD activity (mM) of Wistar rats with cyclosporine-induced kidney injury.
Each bar represents mean ± standard error of mean at p ˂ 0.05.
* = Significantly different from control; α = significantly different from CYA group; β = significantly different from 3 weeks self-recovery group; γ = significantly different from 6 weeks self-recovery group; § = significantly different from 100 mg/kg GP treatment; and # = significantly different from 200 mg/kg GP treatment.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
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13. Fig. 12
Histological effects of GP in Wistar rats with Cyclosporine-induced kidney injury.
G = Glomerulus; P = Proximal convoluted tubule; D = Distal convoluted tubule; Black arrow = Bowman’s capsular space; Yellow arrow = Atrophic glomerulus; Green arrow = Interstitial vacuolation; Tan arrow = Shrunken Glomerulus.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
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