1. Integration by Substitution M.L.King Jr. Birthplace, Atlanta, GA
Greg Kelly
Hanford High School
Richland, Washington
Adapted by: Jon Bannon
M.L.King Jr. Birthplace, Atlanta, GA
Photo by Vickie Kelly, 2002

2. The chain rule allows us to differentiate a wide variety of functions, but we are able to find antiderivatives for only a limited range of functions. We can sometimes use substitution to rewrite functions in a form that we can integrate.

3. Example 1:
The variable of integration must match the variable in the expression.
Don’t forget to substitute the value for u back into the problem!

4. Example:
One of the clues that we look for is if we can find a function and its derivative in the integrand.
The derivative of is
Note that this only worked because of the 2x in the original.
Many integrals can not be done by substitution.

5. Example 2:
Solve for dx.

6. Example 3:

7. Example:
We solve for because we can find it in the integrand.

8. Example 7:

9. The technique is a little different for definite integrals.
Example 8:
The technique is a little different for definite integrals.
new limit
We can find new limits, and then we don’t have to substitute back.
new limit
We could have substituted back and used the original limits.

10. Wrong! The limits don’t match! Example 8: Using the original limits:
Leave the limits out until you substitute back.
Wrong!
The limits don’t match!
This is usually more work than finding new limits

11. Example:
Don’t forget to use the new limits.

12. Separable Differential Equations
A separable differential equation can be expressed as the product of a function of x and a function of y.
Example:
Multiply both sides by dx and divide both sides by y2 to separate the variables. (Assume y2 is never zero.)

13. Separable Differential Equations
A separable differential equation can be expressed as the product of a function of x and a function of y.
Example:
Combined constants of integration

14. Example 9:
Separable differential equation
Combined constants of integration

15. Example 9:
We now have y as an implicit function of x.
We can find y as an explicit function of x by taking the tangent of both sides.
Notice that we can not factor out the constant C, because the distributive property does not work with tangent.

16. In another generation or so, we might be able to use the calculator to find all integrals.
Until then, remember that half the AP exam and half the nation’s college professors do not allow calculators.
You must practice finding integrals by hand until you are good at it! p