1. Honors Chemistry of Life

2. add a slide with molecule image of all 4 macros and have them find the atoms they have most of and in common. Connect that to their food and reactions

3. The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
“ “You are what you eat”

4. Carbon Bonding
Organic molecules are made mostly of carbon. Most matter in living organisms is made of organic molecules.
Use pg to answer the following question:
How do carbon’s bonding properties contribute to the existence of a wide variety of biological molecules?

5. Carbon One of the most important elements found in living things
Has 4 valence electrons which means it can form 4 bonds with other carbon atoms or other elements such as hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), phosphorous (P) 5

6. Macromolecules (polymers)
Large Carbon Molecules-- are made from simpler molecules
A monomer is a small, single molecules
A polymer is a made of monomers linked in a long chain
Macromolecules are large/GIANT polymers(can be thousands long)
Use plastic “baby” toys to demonstrate.
The monomers can be the same like in a watch band or different like in a bead necklace.

7. What is a MACROmolecule?
A Large molecule with a complex structure
A polymer built from monomers
Macromolecule
“little” molecule

8. Poly - mer
Many
Parts
A long molecule made of monomers bonded together

9. Mono - mer One Part The “building blocks” of polymers
A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer.

10. Three of life’s organic macromolecules are polymers
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids

11. EXAMPLES
What do all these pictures have in common? They are large, complex structures that were all built by small “monomers” or building blocks called Legos.

12. Explain to your partner how these Lego structures are like Polymers
Think – Pair – Share

13. How are polymers made?
A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction that links/joins monomers to form polymers by releasing/losing water

14. How are polymers broken down
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction
that uses water to break down polymers back into monomers .

15. Why would polymers need to be broken down?
Think-Pair-Share
Why would polymers need to be broken down?

16. CARBOHYDRATES

17. What are some functions of carbohydrates?

18. Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
1.) Carbohydrates-major fuel/energy source for cells, energy storage, building material in plants
Monomers = MONO (single) SACCHARIDE (sugar)
Monomer-monosaccharide

19. Ex: Starch is the plant form for energy storage
Polymer= polysaccharide (means many- sugars)
Ex: Starch is the plant form for energy storage
Cellulose is fiber like structural material made of glucose monomers used in plant cell walls

20. Explain to your shoulder partner how a single glucose made into larger sugars?

21. Now with your shoulder partner, use your 4 carbohydrate cut outs and explain to them how a single glucose molecule (monomer) is made into a large Macromolecule like starch or cellulose. BE SURE to point out EXACTLY which atoms from both glucose molecules are involved.

22. What reaction forms the bonds between the monosaccharides to become a disaccharide or a polysaccharide?
Condensation reaction(Dehydration synthesis)

25. Examples of Carbs

26. Why is Cellulose so strong?
Glucose monomers are flipped to expose equal Hydroxyl groups on either side of the chain
When Cellulose chains are lined up next to each other, they Hydrogen Bond making a strong material that’s difficult to break!

27. What reaction breaks the bond between the glucose molecules in glycogen so the monomers can be used for fuel?
Hydrolysis

28. Carbs (cont.)
Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates (cellulose) for structural purposes (wood)

29. NUCLEIC ACIDS

30. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids store/transmit hereditary/genetic info. A gene is a section of DNA that controls the making of a trait

31. Nucleic Acid Monomer is a 3 piece UNIT called a nucleotide
Phosphate Group
5-carbon sugar
Nitrogen base

32. Nucleic Acids Polymer = (2 Types) DNA or RNA ribonucleic acid (RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
RNA contains the sugar ribose.
DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose.

35. Polymer=DNA Double Stranded
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond

36. Polymer=DNA Double Stranded

37. Polymer –RNA-Single Stranded

38. LIPIDS What are Lipids? Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, pigments
Hydrophobic (“hydro”=water; “phobic” = fearing)
Consist mostly of hydrocarbons
Do NOT consist of polymers

39. Lipids Lipids store energy and form cell membranes
EX: fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids
- No true monomer
They have a glycerol head that’s hydrophilic and fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic

44. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
(b) Unsaturated fat and fatty acid
cis double bond
causes bending
Oleic acid
Unsaturated fats :
one or more double bonds between carbons in the fatty acids allows for “kinks” in the tails
liquid at room temp
most plant fats
Saturated fats:
No double bonds in fatty acid tails
solid at room temp
most animal fats
(a) Saturated fat and fatty acid
Stearic acid

46. Phospholipids
Structure: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group.
Function: Main structural component of membranes, where they arrange in bilayers.

47. Waxes
Function:
Lipids that serve as coatings for plant parts and as animal coverings.

48. PROTEINS

49. Proteins
-Proteins control the speed of reactions, regulate cell processes, transport substances through the cell membrane

50. What do ALL amino acids have in common
What do ALL amino acids have in common? What is the 1 part of them that is different?

51. Proteins Monomers =amino acids. Amino acid chains= proteins
Can be thousands long
The number and order of amino acid determine protein type

52. Monomer=amino acid

53. 20 different amino acids
The number and sequence of amino acids determine the shape of the protein

54. Did you know?
Our body can only synthesize 12 of the 20 amino acids.

55. Think – Pair – Share
Where do we get the other 8 amino acids?

56. Polymers= polypeptide
H20
Peptide Bonds connect amino
Acids to form
Polypeptide chains

57. Polymer= peptide (protein)
The 20 different amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains , called ‘R’ groups. number and order of amino acids determines the type of protein.
The 20 different amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains , called ‘R’ groups. number and order of amino acids determines the type of protein.

58. Proteins
The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.

59. Monomers, as you know, can get together to form polymers.
This is a diagram of two amino acids getting together to start forming a protein.

60. What small molecule is formed as the protein chain grows?
That’s right, H2O, also known as WATER.
This is called “dehydration synthesis”, and it’s a very common way for polymers to form from monomers.

61. Macromolecule practice
The following picture is a monomer for which macromolecule?
What is the monomer for carbs?
The job of lipids is what?
What’s the difference between a monomer
and a polymer?

62. Chemical Reactions/Enzymes

63. { { 2Fe + 3H2O- Fe2O3 + 3H2 Products Reactants
Enzymes and Chemical reactions
A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals by creating/breaking bonds { {
2Fe + 3H2O- Fe2O3 + 3H2
Products
Reactants

65. Enzymes and Chemical Reactions (cont)
Enzymes are a type of protein that act as a biological catalyst by speeding up chemical reactions in cells.
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reaction

66. Activation energy
-Most chemical reactions require a lot of energy to start
-The energy needed to start a reaction is called activation energy

67. How is Activation Energy Lowered?
Enzymes only work with SPECIFIC reactants called substrates. The enzyme and its substrate work like a lock and key.
The active site is where the enzyme/substrate fit together.
When the substrate attaches to the active site, the enzyme slightly changes shape(denature), which weakens the bond. Lowering activation energy.

72. How is Activation Energy Lowered?
Enzymes and substrates are attached until the reaction ends.
Substrates are then changed into
new/different substances.
Enzymes are unchanged and can be used repeatedly.

75. How is Activation Energy Lowered?

76. Conditions for Enzyme Activity
1.) Ph=7
2.) Temperature about 37C or 98.6F
-If temperatures or Ph are too high or too low the enzymes change shape (deform) and no longer fit with the substrate.
PUT PHSCHOOL ANIMATIONOF ENZYMES HERE WHERE THEY GET TOO HOT AND MELT

77. ACTIVE SITE