1. Animal Reproduction
Comp : Analyze the male and female parts of the reproductive tracts.

2. Animal Reproduction Reproduction
The process by which animals produce offspring for the purpose of continuing a species
The process begins with…
The mating of a male and a female of a species
This is called copulation

3. Animal Reproduction During copulation
Sperm cells (Spermatazoa) are transferred from the male reproductive tract to the female reproductive tract
In the female reproductive tract, the sperm unite with the egg cell (ovum) to form an embryo.
The embryo attaches to the uterus where it receives nourishment, and develops until the new offspring is delivered from the female reproductive tract in a process called parturition

4. Male Macrostructure and Function
Male Reproductive System
Major Function
The production, storage, and deposition of sperm cells
Also functions by production male sex hormones and serves as a passageway for expelling urine from the urinary bladder

5. Male Macrostructure and Function
Testes
Paired, ovoid shaped organs that produce sperm cells and the male sex hormone testosterone
Testosterone causes the development of secondary male characteristics and sex behavior/drive (libido)

6. Male Macrostructure and Function
Scrotum
Protects and supports the testes
The wall of the scrotum raises or lowers the tests to maintain a constant testicular temperature of approximately 4-6 degrees below body temperature, because sperm must develop under conditions cooler than the body.

7. Male Macrostructure and Function
Epididymis
Coiled tube connected to each testis and is responsible for the maturation, storage, and transportation of sperm cells.
The deferent duct (vas deferens) originates from the epididymis and serves as a passageway for sperm to the urethra

8. Male Macrostructure and Function
Accessory glands
Responsible for the production of secretions that contribute to the liquid non-cellular portion of semen, known as the seminal plasma

9. Male Macrostructure and Function
Vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)
Paired accessory glands that secrete seminal fluid that adds fructose and citric acid to nourish the sperm and functions as a protection and transportation medium for sperm upon ejaculation
Ejaculation
Discharge of semen from the penis

11. Male Macrostructure and Function
Prostate Gland
Secretes a thick, milky fluid that mixes with the seminal fluid and provides nutrition and substance to the ejaculation.
Cowper’s Gland (bulbourethral gland)
Secrete a fluid similar to the seminal fluid, cleanses and neutralizes the urethra form urine residue that can kill sperm cells.

13. Male Macrostructure and Function
The Penis
The organ that allows for deposition of semen into the female reproductive tract.
The sheath
The external portion of the male reproductive tract that serves to protect the penis form injury and infection

14. Male Microstructure and Function
Spermatogenesis
Is a process of cell division and maturations that begins with stationary cells called spermatogonium and ends with motile spermatozoa

16. Male Microstructure and Function
Seminiferous Tubules
Are tubular structures that coil through the testes.
The process of spermatogenesis takes place within the seminiferous tubules.

17. Male Microstructure and Function
Interstitial Cells
Between the seminiferous tubules are groups of interstitial cells (cells of Leydig) that function in the production of the male sex hormone, testosterone.

18. Male Microstructure and Function
Testosterone
Is an androgen hormone that directs the development of masculine traits
A constant level of androgens, especially testosterone, has a major influence on an animal’s libido, as well as spermatogenesis

20. Female Macrostructure and Function
The purpose of the female reproductive system
Is to produce the eggs (ova) to be fertilized by the sperm
Also serves as a receptacle for the penis during copulation
Houses and nourishes the fetus until parturition

21. Female Macrostructure and Function
Ovaries
Two ovaries function to produce eggs and the female hormones, estrogen and progesterone
Oviducts (fallopian tubes)
Are the paired tubes that transport the eggs form the ovaries to the uterus
Two funnel-like opening called infundibulums
Pick up the eggs at ovulation and direct them to the oviducts
The oviduct is the site where the sperm and th ova meet and where fertilization occurs

22. Female Macrostructure and Function
Uterus
The uterus consists of a body and horns
The embryo attaches to the uterine body, or to the wall of the uterine horn, depending on the species of the animal
Functions as the passageway for sperm during copulation
Incubates the embryo during pregnancy, and contacts to expel the fetus during parturition

23. Female Macrostructure and Function
Vagina
The vagina serves as the receptacle for the penis during copulation and as the birth canal during parturition
The uterus is separated form the vagina by the cervix
The cervix serves as a passageway for the semen from the vagina to the uterus at copulation

25. Female Macrostructure and Function
Vulva
Is the external portion of the female reproductive tract that serves to protect the internal system from infection, to initially receive the penis at copulation, and to act as a passageway for urine.

26. Female Microstructure and Function
Just as the male testes produce sperm cells, the female ovaries produce ova in the process called oogenesis
The development of the ova begins before the female is even born
Cells called oogonia develop in the ovaries of a fetus
By the time of birth, these oogonia have matured into oocytes. There are thousands of oocytes at the time of birth; however, only a small portion of these develop into ova or reach ovulation

27. Female Microstructure and Function
Follicle
The process of oogenesis occurs within a follicle. Either on a continual cycle or seasonally, females of different livestock species will produce ova through the process of oogenesis.

28. Female Microstructure and Function
Corpus Luteum
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle collapses and a small hemorrhage occurs
this blood-clotted area is called a corpus hemorrhagicum and only lasts two to three days
This area begins to be filled by a yellow mass of cells. This yellow body is called the corpus luteum.
Its cells have the primary purpose of producing the female sex hormone, progesterone

29. Female Microstructure and Function
The process of oogenesis is a part of the estrous cycle
This cycle includes estrus, a period in which a female shows outward signs of receptivity to breeding as a result of the hormones secreted, also referred to as “heat”

31. Structure of the Male Reproductive System in Poultry
The male reproductive anatomy of poultry differs when compared to that of other animal species
The poultry anatomy consists of two testes (each with an epididymis and vas deferens) that lead to papillae and a rudimentary copulatory organ
Rudimentary Copulatory Organ
An underdeveloped sex organ such as is found in male poultry

34. Structure of the Male Reproductive System in Poultry
The testes are unique in that they are located along the backbone within the abdominal cavity
The cloaca is the portion of the lower end of the avian digestive tract that provides a passageway for products of the urinary, digestive, and reproductive tracts

35. Structure of the Male Reproductive System in Poultry
The copulatory anatomy consists of two papillae and the rudimentary copulatory organ
The papillae are located at the end of the vas deferens and on the floor of the cloaca
During copulation, the sperm is passed from the papillae into the oviduct opening or cloacal wall of the female

36. Structure of the Male Reproductive System in Poultry
Androgen is the male sex hormone produces by the testes
It not only directs sexual activity and the production of sperm, but it also controls secondary sexual characteristics of the male including: growth, crowing or gobbling, and strutting

37. Structure of the Female Reproductive System in Poultry
The female of most animal species has two functional ovaries
Mature female poultry have only one functional ovary
The functional parts consist of an ovary, an oviduct, and the cloaca.
The ovary appears as a cluster of tiny, gray balls that are oocytes
At maturity, the ovary contains up to 4,000 tiny oocytes from which yolks or ova (ovum) may develop over time.

38. Structure of the Female Reproductive System in Poultry
Each oocyte is enclosed in a thin sac called the follicle and is attached to the ovary by a vascular stalk.
When the yolk is mature it is released form the follicle and then engulfed by the funnel-like infundibulum

40. Structure of the Female Reproductive System in Poultry
The yolk
Enters a coiled oviduct that is about 25 inches long and consists of five clearly define parts
The first part is the infundibulum. The infundibulum functions in receiving the yolk and is the site of fertilization
The second part is the magnum that secretes the thick white or albumen
The third, the isthmus adds the two shell membranes

41. Structure of the Female Reproductive System in Poultry
The fourth, the uterus secretes the thin white, the shell, and the shell pigment.
Last, is the vagina that holds the egg until it is laid
The egg passes from the oviduct to the cloaca and then out of the body through the vent at the time of laying

43. The Formation of an Egg:
The Yolk: The chicken egg starts as an egg yolk inside a hen. A yolk (called an oocyte at this point) is produced by the hen's ovary in a process called ovulation. The yolk is the food for the developing embryo
Fertilization: The yolk is released into the oviduct (a long, spiraling tube in the hen's reproductive system), where it can be fertilized internally (inside the hen) by a sperm.
The Egg White (albumin): The yolk continues down the oviduct (whether or not it is fertilized) and is covered with a membrane (called the vitelline membrane), structural fibers, and layers of albumin (the egg white). This part of the oviduct is called the magnus.
The Chalazae: As the egg goes down through the oviduct, it is continually rotating within the spiraling tube. This movement twists the structural fibers (called the chalazae), which form rope-like strands that anchor the yolk in the thick egg white. There are two chalazae anchoring each yolk, on opposite ends of the egg.
The Eggshell: The eggshell is deposited around the egg in the lower part of the oviduct of the hen, just before it is laid. The shell is made of calcite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate. This entire trip through the oviduct takes about one day.
Growth of the Embryo: The fertilized blastodisc (now called the blastoderm) grows and becomes the embryo. As the embryo grows, its primary food source is the yolk. Waste products (like urea) collect in a sack called the allantois. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas occurs through the eggshell; the chorion lines the inside surface of the egg and is connected to the blood vessels of the embryo.
The Incubation Period: The embryo develops inside the egg for 21 days (the incubation period), until a chick pecks its way out of its eggshell and is hatched.

44. Structure of the Female Reproductive System in Poultry
Estrogen is the female sex hormone
In poultry estrogen stimulates the growth of the oviduct and causes the cloaca to increase in size during egg laying
It also modifies the feather shape and pigmentation of the female
Estrogen increases the level of fat, phosphorus, and calcium in the blood, as this is necessary in egg production