1. Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

4. Community

5. BIOTIC FACTORS
ABIOTIC FACTORS

6. Polar Zone TROPICAL ZONE SUNLIGHT Polar Zone TEMPERATE ZONE
EQUATOR 0°
SUNLIGHT
23.5°S
TEMPERATE ZONE
66.5°S
90°S
Polar Zone

8. ENERGY FLOW Nutrients returned back to soil Photosynthesis Plants
Heterotrophs
TERTIARY
CONSUMERS
DECOMPOSERS
(Fungi, Bacteria)
SECONDARY CONSUMERS
(Carnivores, Omnivores)
PRIMARY CONSUMERS (Herbivores)
AUTOTROPHS/PRODUCERS
Nutrients returned back to soil
Photosynthesis
Plants
Algae
Chemosynthetic bacteria
Chemosynthesis

9. Food Chain: The series of steps in which the organisms transfer energy by eating and by being eaten

10. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID
TROPHIC LEVELS

11. Energy flow is one directional (Producers to consumers)
Only 10 % of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the other

12. 10 Kcal 0.1 % 100 Kcal 1 % 1,000 Kcal 10 % 10,000 Kcal 100 %
ENERGY PYRAMID
10 Kcal
0.1 %
100 Kcal
1 %
1,000 Kcal
10 %
100 %
10,000 Kcal

13. Pyramid of Numbers

14. BIOMASS PYRAMID