1. Outcomes of World War II

2. What deals did Allied leaders make before the war ended?

3. Yalta—February 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin
Allied leaders agreed to divide Germany and Berlin
Also agreed to “disarm and disband all German armed forces… to bring all war criminals to just and swift punishment and… wipe out the Nazi Party.”
Deals with USSR
In exchange for holding free elections in eastern Europe, USSR gets eastern Poland
In exchange for declaring war on Japan, USSR gets Pacific islands

5. Potsdam—6 months later FDR died, was replaced by Harry Truman
Churchill voted out, replaced by Clement Attlee of the Labor Party
More tense than Yalta; more disagreement between USSR and other Allied Powers

6. Total War WWII was most destructive war in human history
60 million total deaths; over half civilian
New technologies- atomic bomb, jet fighters
Blurring of lines between military and civilian targets
Holocaust
Governments used propaganda to mobilize populations and economies
Large numbers of women participated

8. The Holocaust

9. WWII Casualties
WWII casualties totaled between 50 and 70 million people
More than 80% of this total came from four countries: Russia, China, Germany, and Poland
More than half of these casualties were civilians, most of whom were women and children

10. Country
Military Deaths
Civilian Deaths
Total
USSR
13,600,000
7,700,000
21,300,000
China
1,324,000
10,000,000
11,324,000
Germany
3,250,000
3,810,000
7,060,000
Poland
850,000
6,000,000
6,850,000
United States
500,000
Italy
330,000
80,000
410,000
Great Britain
326,000
62,000
388,000

11. Estimated Number of Jews Killed in the Holocaust
Country
Estimated Number of Jews Killed in the Holocaust
Percent of the Jewish Population
Austria
50,000 36
Lithuania
220,000 94
Netherlands
106,000 76
Bohemia / Moravia
80,000 89

12. Little Boy 15 kT (15,000 tons of TNT)
City
Casualties
Area Destroyed
Weapon
Hiroshima
90, ,000
4.7 sq miles
Little Boy 15 kT (15,000 tons of TNT)
Nagasaki
60,000-80,000
1.8 sq miles
Fat Man 21 kT (21,000 tons of TNT)

13. Human Rights War crimes tribunal
Nuremberg Trials: 200 Nazis tried, 12 sentenced to death by hanging
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Established and adopted by members of the United Nations
Provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of their government

14. United Nations
Purpose: to maintain peace by guaranteeing security of member nations
Principles: self-determination, equal rights, cooperation
UN Security Council—11 members, 5 permanent members with veto power:
Great Britain, China, France, United States, Soviet Union
General Assembly: each member nation gets one vote

15. End of European Dominance
European powers’ loss of empire
Greatly diminished role in world affairs lost ability and will to hold on to remaining colonies
Establishment of two major powers (superpowers) in the world
United States and USSR

17. Alliances North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Warsaw Pact
Military agreement between Allied Powers, led by USA
Warsaw Pact
Military agreement between Soviet Union and its satellites
Used to strengthen Soviet hold and suppress uprisings, justify invasions

18. Marshall Plan
Truman administration feared economic collapse in Europe would lead to communist takeover
USA gave $13 billion to help rebuild European economies
USSR refused to participate or allow its satellites to participate or trade with the West

19. Iron Curtain
By 1947, most eastern European countries were “satellites” of the USSR
Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia
Stalin broke his promise from Yalta and did not allow free elections

20. Reconstruction of Germany
Partition of Germany
Germany and Berlin were divided among the four Allied Powers (USA, USSR, France, Britain)
West Germany
Democratic government installed in West Germany and West Berlin
Emergence as economic power in postwar Europe
East Germany
Economically weak and politically controlled by USSR

21. Reconstruction of Japan
U.S. occupation of Japan under MacArthur’s administration
democracy and economic development
elimination of Japanese offensive military capabilities
United States’ guarantee of Japanese security
emergence of Japan as dominant economy in Asia

22. U.S. Military Bases in Japan and Germany