1. M. Koratzinos On behalf of the LEP3 proto-working group
HEP2012: Recent Developments in High Energy Physics and Cosmology
Ioannina, Greece , April
LEP3: A high Luminosity e+e– Collider in the LHC tunnel to study the Higgs Boson
M. Koratzinos
On behalf of the
LEP3 proto-working group

2. Introduction What is LEP3? The LEP3 project requires as a prerequisite
LEP3 is an idea for a future CERN project of a  high luminosity e+e– collider in the LHC tunnel, to study the Higgs Boson 
The idea is that by re-using existing infrastructure (including the main detectors Atlas and CMS!), the project would be low-cost
The LEP3 project requires as a prerequisite
The existence of the Higgs boson
That the Higgs boson is light (around 125GeV)
This is not an original idea; many people have been toying with the idea since the demise of LEP2 until today. The indications of a low-mass Higgs gave the idea new impetus. A good reading on the idea can be found in: A High Luminosity e+e- Collider in the LHC tunnel to study the Higgs Boson, A. Blondel and F. Zimmermann, arXiv: v2 [hep-ex] (submitted to Phys. Lett. B)

3. Higgs mass From Moriond 2012: A. Blondel, experimental summary talk:
Both ATLAS and CMS exclude a SM scalar boson
up to ~550 GeV
except in range ( GeV): excess 
at GeV/c2 (consistent)
ATLAS :  and ZZ
CMS : 
CDF+ D0 mostlybb&WW
Too soon to claim even evidence, but…
‘Who would bet against Higgs GeV?’
My guess: Look Elsewhere + Look There
 CL probably >~ local significance of 2d experiment
More data in 2012 5 and more channels!

4. Higgs production mechanism
Assuming that the Higgs is light, in an e+e– machine it is produced by the “higgstrahlung” process
Production xsection actually peaks at relatively low centre-of-mass energies e- H Z* Z e+
For a Higgs of 125GeV, a centre of mass energy of 240GeV is sufficient

5. 120GeV per beam
This is “only” 15% higher than the final energy reached by LEP2
Although synchrotron radiation goes with the fourth power of beam energy, the increase in SR power lost would be less than a factor of two more than LEP (provided we use a ring with the same bending ratio and beam current)
The need for accelerating cavities would also be (a bit less than) a factor of two higher than that of LEP2
So, the question presents itself: could an e+e– accelerator be designed so that it fits in the LHC tunnel that would lead to acceptable luminosity and not require too much cooling power?

6. The LHeC synergy
As it turns out, there exists a design for an electron ring in the LHC tunnel, provided by the LHeC working group
In the LHeC design, the electron energy is 60GeV but the beam current is rather high, resulting to a 44MW SR power dissipation.
The lattice of the electron ring in the LHeC design has been developed with the primary goal that the ring fits on top of the LHC magnets.
The dipole filling factor is low (75%) resulting in a bending radius of 2620m (compared to 3096m for LEP2)

7. The major assumptions
For the LEP3 preliminary study, we started first by limiting the total SR power dissipation to 100MW (50MW per beam).
If we assume a wall-to-beam energy conversion efficiency of 50%, we end up with an RF system that consumes 200MW.
This is a high power consumption, but not extremely high (current CERN contract with EDF is 200MW for the whole of CERN during LHC operation)
We have used as baseline the lattice calculations of the LHeC study (it provides horizontal emittance significantly smaller than for LEP). As this was not optimised for the LEP3 requirements, we will soon have our own lattice.

8. The RF system
We can profit of 20 years of development in RF accelerating technology to assume an RF gradient of 18MV/m, almost 2.5 times higher that of LEP.
The energy loss per turn of a single electron at 120GeV is 7GeV
The total length of the RF system is therefore around 500m, similar to that of LEP2.
A good candidate for the RF system would be ILC-developed SC accelerating cavities at a frequency of 1.3 GHz that help to reduce the bunch length, thus enabling a smaller by*. Cryo power needed is less than half that of the LHC.

9. LHeC space considerations
: Space reserved for future e+e– machine
The LHeC ring is displaced due to the requirement of keeping the same circumference as the LHC ring. LEP3 has no such requirement

10. LEP3 Artist’s impression
The low field dipoles
Another synergy with LHeC, although LEP3 would require a “double decker” magnet
LEP3 Artist’s impression
CERN 400 mm long model
BINP short model
Prototypes of LHeC designs: Compact and lightweight to fit in the existing tunnel, yet mechanically stable

11. Emittances
Horizontal: The unnormalized horizontal emittance is determined by the optics and varies with the square of the beam energy. We simply scale it from the 60-GeV LHeC value.
Vertical: The vertical emittance depends on the quality of vertical dispersion and coupling correction. We assume the vertical to horizontal emittance ratio to be similar to the one for LEP.
[The ultimate limit on the vertical emittance is set by the opening angle effect (emission angle of the SR photons), which is negligible (below 1fm) for our field (0.15T) and energy (120GeV)]

12. Bunch length
The bunch length scales linearly with the momentum spread, with the momentum compaction factor and with the inverse synchrotron frequency.
The bunch length of LEP3 (0.3cm) is smaller than for LEP (1.6cm), despite the higher beam energy. This is due to the smaller momentum compaction factor, the larger RF voltage, and the higher synchrotron frequency.

13. Beam current/# bunches
The limit on SR power defines the beam current, which is 7.2mA or 4x1012 particles per beam.
Distributing this over three bunches gives a beam-beam tune shift of 0.13, similar to the max. beam-beam tune shift reached at KEKB.
This requires further studies

14. Vertical β*
We are aiming for a value of 1.2mm. This can be achieved if the final focusing quad is inside the experiments.
With a free length between the IP and the entrance face of the first quadrupole of 4 m, plus a quadrupole length of 4 m, the quadrupole field gradient needs to be about 17 T/m and an aperture (radius) of 5 cm would correspond to more than 20sy.

15. Luminosity/Beam lifetime
With the β* values mentioned, luminosity for LEP3 is projected to be 1.3x1034cm-2s-1
At LEP The lifetime of colliding beams was determined by radiative Bhahba scattering with a cross section of barn.
At top energy in LEP2, the lifetime was dominated by the loss of particles in collisions.
For LEP3, we find a beam lifetime teff of 12 minutes – LEP3 would be “burning” the beams to produce physics very efficiently.

16. Two-ring design
Due to low beam lifetime, it is more efficient to use a second ring to continuously top up the main ring that would remain at an energy of 120GeV. If the top-up interval is short compared with the beam lifetime, this would provide an average luminosity very close to the peak luminosity.
For the top-up we need to produce about 4x1012 positrons every few minutes, or of order 2x1010 positrons per second.
For comparison, the LEP injector complex delivered positrons at a rate of order 1011 per second.

17. Injection scheme The LEP injector complex is no more.
We would need to either revive a scheme a-la LEP, or design a completely new injector
Injecting at 20GeV would be ideal, injecting at 10GeV would be tolerable
[A CLIC demonstrator of about 1km long would be a perfect injector (at a cost)]

18. Yearly statistics
Operation at a luminosity of 1034 /cm2/s for 107s/year leads to an integrated luminosity of 100 fb-1/yr.
For an e+e- → HZ cross section of 200 fb, this yields 2x104 events per year in each experiment (we have assumed 2), allowing precise measurements of the Higgs Boson mass, cross-section and decay modes, even invisible ones.
It would also provide more than 106 WW events per year in each IP. This machine would have similar or better performance than a linear collider operating at the same energy, and would reach it more economically.
Such a machine can also revisit the Z peak, possibly with polarized beams, and obliterate the LEP results.

19. Possible showstoppers
The LEP3 design is at its infancy and a much deeper look is needed before we can determine if the project is viable or not.
Beamstrahlung problems would need to be looked at first (V. I. Telnov, arXiv: v1 [physics.acc-ph] 29 Mar 2012 – reduces the LEP3 luminosity by a factor of 4)

20. Similar ideas
Katsunobu Oide (KEK Director, Accelerator Laboratory) gave a talk about a possible LEP3- like machine in Japan:

21. Very rough estimates of cost
K. Oide attemts a very rough cost exercise for a 40 and 60km ring:
LEP3 does not have (most of ) the cost of the ring and the detector

22. Comparison of ring to linear
...He also attempts to compare ring and linear accelerators of energies 240, 400 and 500GeV – a ring design appears more economical

23. Main parameters LEP LHeC ring design LEP3 Eb beam energy 104.5 GeV
beam current
4 mA (4 bunches)
100 mA (2808 bunches)
7.2 mA (3 bunches)
total #e- / beam
2.3e12
5.6e13
4.0e12
horizontal emittance
48 nm
5 nm
20 nm
vertical emittance
0.25 nm
2.5 nm
0.15 nm
rb dipole bending radius
3096 m
2620 m
partition number Je
1.1
1.5
momentum compaction
1.85x10-4
8.1x10-5
SR power / beam
11 MW
44 MW
50 MW
bx,y*
1.5, 0.05 m
0.18, 0.10 m m
rms IP beam size
270, 3.5 micron
30, 16 micron
55, 0.4 micron
hourglass loss factor
0.98
0.99
0.65
energy loss per turn
3.408 GeV
0.44 GeV
6.99 GeV
total RF voltage
3641 MV
500 MV
9000 MV
beam-beam tune shift (/IP)
0.025, 0.065
N/A
0.126, 0.130
synchrotron frequency
1.6 kHz
0.65 kHz
2.98 kHz
average acc.field
7.5 MV/m
11.9 MV/m
18 MV/m
effective RF length
485 m
42 m
505 m
RF frequency
352 MHz
721 MHz
1300 MHz
rms energy spread
0.22%
0.116%
0.232%
rms bunch length
1.61 cm
0.688 cm
0.30 cm
peak luminosity / IP
1.25x1032 cm-2s-1
1.33x1034 cm-2s-1
number of IPs 4 1 2
beam lifetime
6.0 h
12 minutes

24. Conclusions
The LEP3 idea might be a viable alternative as a future HEP project.
This would depend firstly (but not solely) on the physics output coming out of LHC.
A working group to study viability/ challenges/ prospects should be formed in the near future, so that it can report at the open symposium of the European Strategy for Particle Physics.