1. Issues in Long-term Opioid Therapy: Unmet Needs, Risks, and Solutions
Steven D. Passik, PhD 
Mayo Clinic Proceedings 
Volume 84, Issue 7, Pages (July 2009)
DOI: /
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2. FIGURE 1
Prescription opioid users and continuum of behavior. SUD = substance use disorder. From Exp Clin Psychopharmacol.11
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3. FIGURE 2
Stepladder approach to pain control. In this approach to treating pain, based on the WHO stepladder, treatment options are matched to level of pain. Opioids are considered for moderate-to-severe pain or out-of-control pain. For refractory pain, spinal opioids are among the options considered. IV = intravenous; NSAIDs = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Adapted from Anesth Analg,17with permission.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings  , DOI: ( / )
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