1. Introduction to Databases
Database Principles Constructed by Hanh Pham based on slides from: “Database Processing, Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation”, D. Kroenke, D. Auer, Prentice Hall “Database Principles: Fundamentals of Design, Implementation, and Management”, C. Coronel, S. Morris, P.Rob
Introduction to Databases

2. Outlines Introduction to Databases Characteristics of Databases
Examples of Databases
Components of Databases
Design of Database
History of Database Development

3. The Characteristics of Databases
The purpose of a database is to help people track things of interest to them.
Data is stored in tables, which have rows and columns like a spreadsheet. A database may have multiple tables, where each table stores data about a different thing.
Each row in a table stores data about an occurrence or instance of the thing of interest.
A database stores data and relationships.

4. Data in Tables

5. Related Tables

6. Naming Conventions in this Textbook
Table names are written with all capital letters:
STUDENT, CLASS, GRADE
Column names are written with an initial capital letter, and compound names are written with a capital letter on each word:
Term, Section, ClassNumber, StudentName

7. Databases Create Information
Data = recorded facts and figures
Information = knowledge derived from data
Databases record data, but they do so in such a way that we can produce information from the data.
The data on STUDENTs, CLASSes, and GRADEs could produce information about each student’s GPA.

8. Database Examples

9. Outlines Components of Databases Design of Database
History of Database Development

10. Components of a Database System

11. Components of a Database System with SQL

12. Applications, the DBMS, and SQL
Applications are the computer programs that users work with.
The Database Management System (DBMS) creates, processes, and administers databases.
Structured Query Language (SQL) is an internationally recognized standard database language that is used by all commercial DBMSs.

13. Database Applications

14. Database Applications—Forms

15. Database Applications—Queries
SELECT LastName, FirstName, Address
FROM STUDENT
WHERE StudentNumber > 2;

16. Database—Reports

17. The Database
A database is a self-describing collection of integrated tables.
The tables are called integrated because they store data about the relationships between the rows of data.
A database is called self-describing because it stores a description of itself.
The self-describing data is called metadata, which is data about data.

18. Database Management System (DBMS)
Database: shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection of:
End-user data: raw facts of interest to end user
Metadata: data about data
Provides description of data characteristics and relationships in data
Complements and expands value of data
Database management system (DBMS): collection of programs
Manages structure and controls access to data

20. Typical Metadata Tables

21. Database Contents

22. Outlines Other Things Databases Design What do you need to learn ?
History

23. Why Database Design Is Important
Database design focuses on design of database structure used for end-user data
Designer must identify database’s expected use
Well-designed database:
Facilitates data management
Generates accurate and valuable information
Poorly-designed database:
Causes difficult-to-trace errors

24. Lack of Design and Data-Modeling Skills of USERS of File Systems
Most users lack the skill to properly design databases
Despite multiple personal productivity tools being available
Data-modeling skills
Vital in the data design process
Good data modeling facilitates communication between the designer, user, and the developer

25. Three Types of Database Design

26. Database Design from Existing Data

27. Data Import: One or Two Tables?
This is an important decision, and based on a set of rules known as normalization (which is covered in Chapter 3).

28. Database Design from New Systems Development
Entity-Relationship data modeling is covered in Chapter 5, and data model transformations to database designs are covered in Chapter 6.

29. Database Design from Database Redesign

30. What You Need To Learn

31. Knowledge Priorities

32. A Brief History of Database Processing I

33. A Brief History of Database Processing II

34. Summary Metadata is data about data
Database design defines the database structure
Well-designed database facilitates data management and generates valuable information
Poorly designed database leads to bad decision making and organizational failure
Databases evolved from manual and computerized file systems

35. Summary (cont'd.) In a file system, data stored in independent files
Each requires its own management program
Some limitations of file system data management:
Requires extensive programming
System administration is complex and difficult
Changing existing structures is difficult
Security features are likely inadequate
Independent files tend to contain redundant data
Structural and data dependency problems