1. Chap 23 Day 3- Aim: How does intellectual developments transform Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries?

2. Early Capitalism
Private parties offer goods and services on a free market
Own means of production
Private initiative, not government control
Supply and demand determines prices
Banks, stock exchanges develop in early modern period
Joint-Stock Companies (English East India Company, VOC)
Relationship with empire-building
Medieval guilds discarded in favor of “putting-out” system

3. Impact of Capitalism Rural life Improved access to manufactured goods
Increasing opportunities in urban centers begins depletion of the rural population
Inefficient institution of serfdom abandoned in western Europe, retained in Russia until 19th century
Nuclear families replace extended families
Gender changes as women enter income-earning work force

4. Capitalism and Morality
Adam Smith ( ) argued that capitalism would ultimately improve society as a whole
But major social change increases poverty in some sectors
Rise in crime
Witch-hunting a possible consequence of capitalist tensions and gender roles

5. The Copernican Universe
Reconception of the Universe
Reliance on 2nd-century Greek scholar Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria
Motionless earth inside nine concentric spheres
Christians understand heaven as last sphere
Difficulty reconciling model with observed planetary movement
1543 Nicholas Copernicus of Poland breaks theory
Notion of moving Earth challenges Christian doctrine

6. The Scientific Revolution- 16th-17th c.
Johannes Kepler (Germany, ) and Galileo Galilei (Italy, ) reinforce Copernican model
Isaac Newton ( ) revolutionizes study of physics video
Rigorous challenge to church doctrines – HOW? WHY?

7. The Enlightenment- 17th-18th c.
Trend away from Aristotelian philosophy and Church doctrine in favor of rational thought and scientific analysis
John Locke (England, ), Baron de Montesquieu (France, ) attempt to discover natural laws of politics
Center of Enlightenment: France, philosophes
Voltaire ( ), caustic attacks on Roman Catholic church: écrasez l’infame, “erase the infamy”
Deism increasingly popular (belief in the existence of a God on the evidence of reason and nature only, with rejection of supernatural revelation)

8. The Theory of Progress
Assumption that Enlightenment thought would ultimately lead to human harmony, material wealth
Decline in authority of traditional organized religion

9. Assessment
All of the following are true about the Enlightenment except: a) The Enlightenment spawned the Scientific Revolution b) According to the thinking of the Enlightenment, religion was based on superstition and should be discarded. c) Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of reason to discover natural law. d) Enlightenment thinkers owed much to the earlier Scholasticism for their view of the value of education. e) The influence of the Enlightenment can be seen in the Latin American independence movements of the early 1800s.
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