1. BUFFER SOLUTIONS A guide for A level students
© 2004 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

2. Buffer solutions www.argonet.co.uk/users/hoptonj/sci.htm INTRODUCTION
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3. Buffer solutions CONTENTS What is a buffer solution?
Uses of buffer solutions
Acidic buffer solutions
Alkaline buffer solutions
Buffer solutions - ideal concentration
Calculating the pH of a buffer solution
Salt hydrolysis
Check list

4. Before you start it would be helpful to…
Buffer solutions
Before you start it would be helpful to…
know that weak acids and bases are only partly ionised in solution
be able to calculate pH from hydrogen ion concentration
be able to construct an equation for the dissociation constant of a weak acid

5. Buffer solutions - Brief introduction
Definition “Solutions which resist changes in pH when
small quantities of acid or alkali are added.”
Acidic Buffer (pH < 7) made from a weak acid its sodium or potassium salt ethanoic acid sodium ethanoate
Alkaline Buffer (pH > 7) made from a weak base its chloride ammonia ammonium chloride
Uses Standardising pH meters
Buffering biological systems (eg in blood)
Maintaining the pH of shampoos

6. Buffer solutions - uses
Definition “Solutions which resist changes in pH when
small quantities of acid or alkali are added.”
Biological Uses
In biological systems (saliva, stomach, and blood) it is essential that
the pH stays ‘constant’ in order for any processes to work properly.
e.g. If the pH of blood varies by 0.5 it can lead to unconsciousness and coma
Most enzymes work best at particular pH values.
Other Uses Many household and cosmetic products need to control their pH values.
Shampoo Buffer solutions counteract the alkalinity of the soap and prevent irritation
Baby lotion Buffer solutions maintain a pH of about 6 to prevent bacteria multiplying
Others Washing powder, eye drops, fizzy lemonade

7. Acidic buffer solutions - action
It is essential to have a weak acid for an equilibrium to be present so that ions can be removed and produced. The dissociation is small and there are few ions.
CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO¯(aq) H+(aq)
relative concs. HIGH LOW LOW
NB A strong acid can’t be used as it is fully dissociated and cannot remove H+(aq)
HCl(aq) ——> Cl¯(aq) H+(aq)
Adding acid
Any H+ is removed by reacting with CH3COO¯ ions to form CH3COOH via the equilibrium. Unfortunately, the concentration of CH3COO¯ is small and only a few H+ can be “mopped up”. A much larger concentration of CH3COO¯ is required.
To build up the concentration of CH3COO¯ ions, sodium ethanoate is added.

8. Acidic buffer solutions - action
It is essential to have a weak acid for an equilibrium to be present so that ions can be removed and produced. The dissociation is small and there are few ions.
CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO¯(aq) H+(aq)
relative concs. HIGH LOW LOW
NB A strong acid can’t be used as it is fully dissociated and cannot remove H+(aq)
HCl(aq) ——> Cl¯(aq) H+(aq)
Adding alkali
This adds OH¯ ions which react with H+ ions H+(aq) OH¯(aq) H2O(l)
Removal of H+ from the weak acid equilibrium means that, according to Le Chatelier’s Principle, more CH3COOH will dissociate to form ions to replace those being removed.
As the added OH¯ ions remove the H+ from the weak acid system, the equilibrium moves to the right to produce more H+ ions. Obviously, there must be a large concentration of undissociated acid molecules to be available.

9. Alkaline buffer solutions - action
Very similar but is based on the equilibrium surrounding a weak base; AMMONIA
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) OH¯(aq) NH4+(aq)
relative concs HIGH LOW LOW
but one needs ; a large conc. of OH¯(aq) to react with any H+(aq) added
a large conc of NH4+(aq) to react with any OH¯(aq) added
There is enough NH3 to act as a source of OH¯ but one needs to increase the concentration of ammonium ions by adding an ammonium salt.
Use AMMONIA (a weak base) + AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (one of its salts)

10. Buffer solutions - ideal concentration
The concentration of a buffer solution is also important
If the concentration is too low, there won’t be enough CH3COOH and CH3COO¯
to cope with the ions added.
Summary
For an acidic buffer solution one needs ...
large [CH3COOH(aq)] - for dissociating into H+(aq) when alkali is added
large [CH3COO¯(aq)] - for removing H+(aq) as it is added
This situation can’t exist if only acid is present; a mixture of the acid and salt is used.
The weak acid provides the equilibrium and the large CH3COOH(aq) concentration.
The sodium salt provides the large CH3COO¯(aq) concentration.
One uses a WEAK ACID + its SODIUM OR POTASSIUM SALT

11. Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of a buffer whose [HA] is 0.1 mol dm-3 and [A¯] of 0.1 mol dm-3.

12. Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of a buffer whose [HA] is 0.1 mol dm-3 and [A¯] of 0.1 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)]
[HA(aq)]

13. Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of a buffer whose [HA] is 0.1 mol dm-3 and [A¯] of 0.1 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
re-arrange [H+(aq)] = [HA(aq)] x Ka
[A¯(aq)]

14. Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of a buffer whose [HA] is 0.1 mol dm-3 and [A¯] of 0.1 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
re-arrange [H+(aq)] = [HA(aq)] x Ka
[A¯(aq)]
from information given [A¯] = 0.1 mol dm-3
[HA] = 0.1 mol dm-3

15. Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of a buffer whose [HA] is 0.1 mol dm-3 and [A¯] of 0.1 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
re-arrange [H+(aq)] = [HA(aq)] x Ka
[A¯(aq)]
from information given [A¯] = 0.1 mol dm-3
[HA] = 0.1 mol dm-3
If the Ka of the weak acid HA is 2 x 10-4 mol dm-3.
[H+(aq)] = x 2 x = 2 x 10-4 mol dm-3
0.1

16. Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of a buffer whose [HA] is 0.1 mol dm-3 and [A¯] of 0.1 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [A¯(aq)]
[HA(aq)]
re-arrange [H+(aq)] = [HA(aq)] x Ka
[A¯(aq)]
from information given [A¯] = 0.1 mol dm-3
[HA] = 0.1 mol dm-3
If the Ka of the weak acid HA is 2 x 10-4 mol dm-3.
[H+(aq)] = x 2 x = 2 x 10-4 mol dm-3
0.1
pH = - log10 [H+(aq)] =

17. Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 500cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of weak acid HX is mixed with 500cm3 of a 0.2 mol dm-3 solution of its salt NaX. Ka = 4 x 10-5 mol dm-3.

18. Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 500cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of weak acid HX is mixed with 500cm3 of a 0.2 mol dm-3 solution of its salt NaX. Ka = 4 x 10-5 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [X¯(aq)]
[HX(aq)]

19. Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 500cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of weak acid HX is mixed with 500cm3 of a 0.2 mol dm-3 solution of its salt NaX. Ka = 4 x 10-5 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [X¯(aq)]
[HX(aq)]
re-arrange [H+(aq)] = [HX(aq)] Ka
[X¯(aq)]

20. Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 500cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of weak acid HX is mixed with 500cm3 of a 0.2 mol dm-3 solution of its salt NaX. Ka = 4 x 10-5 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [X¯(aq)]
[HX(aq)]
re-arrange [H+(aq)] = [HX(aq)] Ka
[X¯(aq)]
The solutions have been mixed; the volume is now 1 dm3
therefore [HX] = mol dm-3 and
[X¯] = mol dm-3

21. Calculating the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 500cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of weak acid HX is mixed with 500cm3 of a 0.2 mol dm-3 solution of its salt NaX. Ka = 4 x 10-5 mol dm-3.
Ka = [H+(aq)] [X¯(aq)]
[HX(aq)]
re-arrange [H+(aq)] = [HX(aq)] Ka
[X¯(aq)]
The solutions have been mixed; the volume is now 1 dm3
therefore [HX] = mol dm-3 and
[X¯] = mol dm-3
Substituting [H+(aq)] = x 4 x = 2 x mol dm-3
0.1
pH = log10 [H+(aq)] =

22. SALT HYDROLYSIS
Many salts dissolve in water to produce solutions which are not neutral. This is because the ions formed react with the hydroxide and hydrogen ions formed when water dissociates. There are four distinct systems.
All dissociated ions are aqueous ions. When mixed, the ions of strong acids and bases remain apart. Ions of weak acids and bases associate.

23. SALT HYDROLYSIS
Many salts dissolve in water to produce solutions which are not neutral. This is because the ions formed react with the hydroxide and hydrogen ions formed when water dissociates. There are four distinct systems.
All dissociated ions are aqueous ions. When mixed, the ions of strong acids and bases remain apart. Ions of weak acids and bases associate.
Salts of strong acids and strong bases - SODIUM CHLORIDE
NaCl dissociates completely in water Na+ Cl¯ ——> Na Cl¯
Water only ionises to a very small extent H2O OH¯ H+
Na+ and OH¯ are ions of a strong base so remain apart
H+and Cl¯ are ions of a strong acid so remain apart
all the OH¯ and H+ ions remain in solution
therefore [H+] = [OH¯] and the solution will be NEUTRAL

24. SALT HYDROLYSIS
Many salts dissolve in water to produce solutions which are not neutral. This is because the ions formed react with the hydroxide and hydrogen ions formed when water dissociates. There are four distinct systems.
All dissociated ions are aqueous ions. When mixed, the ions of strong acids and bases remain apart. Ions of weak acids and bases associate.
Salts of strong acids and weak bases - AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
NH4Cl dissociates completely in water NH4+ Cl¯ ——> NH Cl¯
Water only ionises to a very small extent H2O OH¯ H+
NH3 + H2O
Na+ and OH¯ are ions of a strong base so tend to be associated
H+and Cl¯ are ions of a strong acid so remain apart
all the H+ ions remain in solution
therefore [H+] > [OH¯] and the solution will be ACIDIC

25. SALT HYDROLYSIS
Many salts dissolve in water to produce solutions which are not neutral. This is because the ions formed react with the hydroxide and hydrogen ions formed when water dissociates. There are four distinct systems.
All dissociated ions are aqueous ions. When mixed, the ions of strong acids and bases remain apart. Ions of weak acids and bases associate.
Salts of weak acids and strong bases - SODIUM ETHANOATE
CH3COONa dissociates completely in water CH3COO ¯ Na + ——> Na CH3COO¯
Water only ionises to a very small extent H2O OH¯ H+
CH3COOH
Na+ and OH¯ are ions of a strong base so remain apart
H+and CH3OO¯ are ions of a weak acid so tend to be associated
all the OH¯ ions remain in solution
therefore [OH¯] > [H+] and the solution will be ALKALINE

26. SALT HYDROLYSIS
Many salts dissolve in water to produce solutions which are not neutral. This is because the ions formed react with the hydroxide and hydrogen ions formed when water dissociates. There are four distinct systems.
All dissociated ions are aqueous ions. When mixed, the ions of strong acids and bases remain apart. Ions of weak acids and bases associate.
Salts of weak acids and weak bases - AMMONIUM ETHANOATE
CH3COONH4 dissociates completely in water CH3COO ¯ NH4 + ——> NH4+ + CH3COO¯
Water only ionises to a very small extent H2O OH¯ H+
NH3 + H2O CH3COOH
Na+ and OH¯ are ions of a weak base so tend to be associated
H+and CH3OO¯ are ions of a weak acid so tend to be associated
the solution might be alkaline or acidic i.e. APPROXIMATELY NEUTRAL

27. What should you be able to do?
REVISION CHECK
What should you be able to do?
Recall the definition of a buffer solution
Recall the difference between an acidic and an alkaline buffer solution
Recall the uses of buffer solutions
Understand the action of buffer solutions
Calculate the pH of an acidic buffer solution
Recall and understand the reactions due to salt hydrolysis
CAN YOU DO ALL OF THESE? YES NO

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30. © 2004 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
BUFFER SOLUTIONS
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© 2004 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING