1. Catalysis
Dr. Hidayat Hussain

2. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Chemistry of the compounds present in living organisms.
They all contain carbon.
Organic Chemistry is the Chemistry of Carbon.

3. A variety of organic products obtained from living things
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Natural Sources of Organic Compounds
Living things
Carbohydrates/ Proteins/Fats/ Vitamins/Antibiotics
A variety of organic products obtained from living things

4. Electronic configuration of carbon (ground state) : 1s22s22p2
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Unique Nature Of Carbon
Ability to form four strong covalent bonds
Electronic configuration of carbon (ground state) : 1s22s22p2
Carbon (ground state)

5. Electronic configuration of carbon (ground state) : 1s22s22p2
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Unique Nature Of Carbon
Ability to form four strong covalent bonds
Electronic configuration of carbon (ground state) : 1s22s22p2
Carbon (ground state)

6. Each carbon atom has four unpaired electrons when excited
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Ability to form four strong covalent bonds
Each carbon atom has four unpaired electrons when excited
Tend to form four strong covalent bonds
Carbon (excited state)
Valency 6

7. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Ability to Catenate
Carbon atoms link together to form chains of varying length, branched chains and rings of different sizes
Catenation:
 Ability of atoms in forming stable bonds with itself, hence joining up into chains or rings 7 7

8. Ability to Form Multiple Bonds
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Ability to Form Multiple Bonds
sp3
4 bonds
sp2
1 bond, 3 bonds sp
2 bonds, 2 bonds
Carbon (excited state) 8 8

9. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Functional Groups
Organic compounds are classified by the the presence of characteristic functional groups.
A functional group is defined as an atom or a group of atoms that effectively determines the chemical properties of an organic compound. 9 9

10. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Organic synthesis: is a special branch of chemical synthesis and
is concerned with the construction of organic compounds via
organic reactions

11. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Selectivity
Most organic molecules contain more than one functional group, and
most functional groups can react in more than one way, so organic
chemists often have to predict which functional group will react,
where it will react, and how it will react.

12. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Selectivity
Most organic molecules contain more than one functional group, and
most functional groups can react in more than one way, so organic
chemists often have to predict which functional group will react,
where it will react, and how it will react.

13. Introduction to Organic Synthesis

14. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity
Synthesis of Paracetamol
4-Aminophenol

15. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity
I  and II are similar to those of aldehydes and ketones, but there is also a
third possibility III where a lone pair on the heteroatom Z is able to donate
electrons to the adjacent positive center. The stronger this electron donation
from Z the less positive the carbonyl C and the less electrophilic the carbonyl
group.  The ability of Z to donate electrons is linked to its electronegativity...
the more electronegative Z is, the less the stabilising effect.

16. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity
Reduction
Reduction is a process by which a carbon atom gains bonds to less electronegative elements, most commonly hydrogen
Oxidation
Oxidation is a process by which a carbon atom gains bonds to more electronegative elements, most commonly oxygen

17. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity
Hydrogenation
Palladium on Carbon (Pd/C)
Paul Sabatier
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912

18. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity
Hydrogenation
Palladium on Carbon (Pd/C)

19. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity
Luche Reduction

20. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity
Luche Reduction
Mechanism
The mechanism of a chemical reaction is the sequence of events that take place
as reactant molecules are converted into products.

21. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity

22. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity

23. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity
Chemoselective reduction of ketones over esters:
Mechanism

24. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity
Reduction via LiAlH4
Mechanism

25. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity
Reduction via LiAlH4

26. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity
Chemoselective reduction of esters over carboxylic acids:

27. Introduction to Organic Synthesis
Chemoselectivity
Chemoselective reduction of carboxylic acid over esters
Chemoselective reduction of carboxylic acid over ketone
Chemoselective reduction of amides over esters