1. 310201 Fundamental Programming
Tools for Analysis & Design
Fundamental Programming: 2006

2. Review 5-step SDLC: task analysis is important
task analysis and specification
algorithm design
coding
testing
maintenance
task analysis is important
to avoid expensive re-design and coding, you must have a clear understanding of the task(s) the program must perform
Fundamental Programming: 2006

3. Task Analysis task analysis may include: two important skills are:
interviews with users
studying documentation for an existing systems
studying other documents that describe requirements for the program
two important skills are:
analysis – dissect task to expose sub-tasks
synthesis – combine different views into a “whole”
analysts have tools for documenting their understanding of the requirements
Fundamental Programming: 2006

4. Modelling Tools
the analyst uses graphical tools to describe the system a program will support
a DFD shows the data flows in a system
StudentID,
CourseCode
Enrolments
Enrolment
Form
Enrolment
Student
Process
Address
Enrolment
Advice
Student Details
Fundamental Programming: 2006

5. Modelling Tools
an ERD describes entities and relationships that will be recoded in a database
StudentID
Students
Name M
Address
Enrol In
FacultyCode
CourseCode M
Name M 1
Name
Offered
Dean
Course
Faculties By
Fundamental Programming: 2006

6. Written Specifications
analysts also produce a written specification of the requirements
the specification is verified by the client to ensure that the right program is being built
this is where we start in this course:
we start with written specifications
students assume role of designer/programmer
however, this does still involve some analysis
you will be analysing written specifications
Fundamental Programming: 2006

7. Written Specifications
the Study Guide describes a 6-step process to analyse a written specification:
(1) read the description fully
(2) rewrite the task in your own words
(3) mark action, naming and information words and phrases
(4) make sure you understand the actions required
(5) put the actions in the correct sequence
(6) check your work
Fundamental Programming: 2006

8. Written Specifications
(1) read the description fully
don’t be a dumb hare, be a clever turtle
(2) rewrite the task in your own words
use pictures and rough notes - whatever works
(3) mark action, naming and information words and phrases
“…Karen’s job is to transfer the herbs and spices from the pallets to the shelves. The drums always go on the left-hand side of the shelves, the square containers on the right…”
Fundamental Programming: 2006

9. Written Specifications
(4) make sure you understand the actions required
research any unknown details
example: deg F = 32 + (deg C * 1.8)
(5) put the actions in the correct sequence
(6) check your work
if you can, get someone else to check it – ideally, the client, or a colleague (another student?)
Fundamental Programming: 2006

10. Program Design
with a clear understanding of the task(s) to be performed, we start to design the program
in industry the design of a program is often written in pseudocode
pseudocode is like to a high-level programming language, but easier to read
we will use pseudocode in this course
the pseudocode used in the Study Guide is as simple as we can possibly make it...
Fundamental Programming: 2006

11. Pseudocode in Study Guide
why a simpler pseudocode?
to keep the examples simple, but also…
at the core of all programming languages are 5 base statement types
we want you to understand that programming languages are very simple - so, the pseudocode in the Study Guide uses one statement of each type
when you are familiar with these statements, you will understand the basics of programming in all popular programming languages
Fundamental Programming: 2006

12. The Building Blocks the 3 most important statements are:
input statements - read
output statements - write
assignment statements - set
(to store values in memory)
other 2 statements control flow of a program
they control which input, output and assignment statements are performed by the program
they control the number of input, output and assignment statements performed by the program
Fundamental Programming: 2006

13. Sample Program Revisited
output “Number of marks in exam ==> “ to display
input number from keyboard - store in M1
output “Student’s mark ==> “ to display
input number from keyboard - store in M2
divide number in M2 by number in M1 - store in M3
multiply number in M3 by store in M4
output “ Student’s percentage: “ to display
output number in M4 to display
Fundamental Programming: 2006

14. Example Pseudocode write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ read M1
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read M2
set M3 to M2 / M1
set M4 to 100 * M3
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write M4
Fundamental Programming: 2006

15. Variables
instead of using memory locations directly, all modern programming languages use names to refer to memory locations
we call these things variables – the values they refer to vary as the program runs
using names, instead of memory locations, makes programs easier to read
instead of…
Fundamental Programming: 2006

16. Example Pseudocode write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ read M1
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read M2
set M3 to M2 / M1
set M4 to 100 * M3
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write M4
Fundamental Programming: 2006

17. Variables write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set ProportionOfMarks to StudentMark / NbrMarks
set Percentage to 100 * ProportionOfMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
4 variables: NbrMarks, StudentMark, ProportionOfMarks, Percentage
Fundamental Programming: 2006

18. Alternative Design write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
3 variables: NbrMarks, StudentMark,Percentage
Fundamental Programming: 2006

19. Branching our example program always performs the exact same actions:
get number of marks in exam
get student’s mark
calculate the student’s percentage
display the student’s percentage
in practice, most programs are capable of performing different actions, depending on the inputs provided by the user
e.g., we may want to also state if the student passed the exam – so, sometimes the program will need to output “Pass”, otherwise “Fail”
Fundamental Programming: 2006

20. Sample Dialogs or… Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Student’s mark ==> 60
Student’s percentage: 75 (Pass)
or…
Student’s mark ==> 20
Student’s percentage: 25 (Fail)
Fundamental Programming: 2006

21. Branching Statements
to enable programs to perform different actions (depending on user input) all programming languages include one or more branching or selection statements
the branching statement selects between one of more possible paths through the program
all programming languages include some form of if-then-else statement
Fundamental Programming: 2006

22. Pseudocode Example write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
if Percentage < 50 then
write “ (Fail)”
else
write “ (Pass)”
Fundamental Programming: 2006

23. Example of if-then-else
=>
write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
if Percentage < 50 then
write “ (Fail)” NbrMarks: ?
else StudentMark: ?
write “ (Pass)” Percentage: ?
Fundamental Programming: 2006

24. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

25. Example of if-then-else
write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
if Percentage < 50 then
write “ (Fail)” NbrMarks: ?
else StudentMark: ?
write “ (Pass)” Percentage: ?
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

26. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

27. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Fundamental Programming: 2006

28. Example of if-then-else
write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
if Percentage < 50 then
write “ (Fail)” NbrMarks: ?
else StudentMark: ?
write “ (Pass)” Percentage: ?
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

29. Example of if-then-else
write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
if Percentage < 50 then
write “ (Fail)” NbrMarks: 80
else StudentMark: ?
write “ (Pass)” Percentage: ?
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

30. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80 Student’s mark ==>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

31. Example of if-then-else
write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
if Percentage < 50 then
write “ (Fail)” NbrMarks: 80
else StudentMark: ?
write “ (Pass)” Percentage: ?
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

32. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80 Student’s mark ==>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

33. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Student’s mark ==> 20
Fundamental Programming: 2006

34. Example of if-then-else
write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
if Percentage < 50 then
write “ (Fail)” NbrMarks: 80
else StudentMark: ?
write “ (Pass)” Percentage: ?
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

35. Example of if-then-else
write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
if Percentage < 50 then
write “ (Fail)” NbrMarks: 80
else StudentMark: 20
write “ (Pass)” Percentage: ?
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

36. Example of if-then-else
write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
if Percentage < 50 then
write “ (Fail)” NbrMarks: 80
else StudentMark: 20
write “ (Pass)” Percentage: 25
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

37. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Student’s mark ==> 20
Student’s percentage:
Fundamental Programming: 2006

38. Example of if-then-else
write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
if Percentage < 50 then
write “ (Fail)” NbrMarks: 80
else StudentMark: 20
write “ (Pass)” Percentage: 25
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

39. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Student’s mark ==> 20
Student’s percentage: 25
Fundamental Programming: 2006

40. Example of if-then-else
write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
if Percentage < 50 then
write “ (Fail)” NbrMarks: 80
else StudentMark: 20
write “ (Pass)” Percentage: 25
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

41. Example of if-then-else
write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
if Percentage < 50 then
write “ (Fail)” NbrMarks: 80
else StudentMark: 20
write “ (Pass)” Percentage: 25
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

42. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Student’s mark ==> 20
Student’s percentage: 25 (Fail)
Fundamental Programming: 2006

43. Example of if-then-else
write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
if Percentage < 50 then
write “ (Fail)” NbrMarks: 80
else StudentMark: 20
write “ (Pass)” Percentage: 25
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

44. Activity
What is the value of Number3 at the end of the following pseudocode?
set Number1 to 12
set Number2 to 14
set Number3 to 0
if Number1 > Number2 then
set Number3 to Number1 * Number2
else
set Number3 to (Number1 + Number2)/2
Fundamental Programming: 2006

45. Activity Break
Fundamental Programming: 2006

46. Looping
our program to calculate the exam percentage for a single student performs the following 5 tasks:
get number of marks in exam
get student’s mark
calculate the student’s percentage
display the student’s percentage
display “Pass” or “Fail”
to calculate the exam percentage for more than one student, a program must perform some of these tasks more than once…
Fundamental Programming: 2006

47. Looping
to calculate the percentage for 2 students, a program must perform 9 tasks:
get number of marks in exam
get student’s mark
calculate the student’s percentage
display the student’s percentage
display “Pass” or “Fail”
Fundamental Programming: 2006

48. Looping
to calculate the percentage for 3 students, a program must perform 13 tasks:
get number of marks in exam
get student’s mark
calculate the student’s percentage
display the student’s percentage
display “Pass” or “Fail”
Fundamental Programming: 2006

49. Looping
we could have:
one program to handle 2 students,
another program to handle 3 students,
etc
it would be better to have a single program to handle any number of students
we would like to design a program to repeat some actions more than once
Fundamental Programming: 2006

50. Looping we want our program to:
get the number of marks in exam from user
- repeat as required -
get student’s mark
calculate the student’s percentage
display the student’s percentage
display “Pass” or “Fail”
we will have to ask the user how many repetitions are required
one design is…
Fundamental Programming: 2006

51. Looping ask user for number of students at start: another design is…
get number of marks in exam
get number of students
- repeat once for each students -
get student’s mark
calculate the student’s percentage
display the student’s percentage
display “Pass” or “Fail”
another design is…
Fundamental Programming: 2006

52. Looping keep asking if the user has more students:
get number of marks in exam
- repeat while user wants has more students -
get student’s mark
calculate the student’s percentage
display the student’s percentage
display “Pass” or “Fail”
ask user if they have more students
Fundamental Programming: 2006

53. Looping Statements
to enable programs to perform different numbers of actions (depending on data inputs) all programming languages include one or more looping or repetition statements
all programming languages include some form of while statement...
Fundamental Programming: 2006

54. Pseudocode Example write “Number of marks in exam ==> “
read NbrMarks
write “Number of students ==> “
read NbrStudents
set NbrProcessed to 0
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
Fundamental Programming: 2006

55. Example of while
=>
write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: ?
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: ?
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: ?
read NbrStudents StudentMark: ?
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: ?
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
Fundamental Programming: 2006

56. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

57. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: ?
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: ?
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: ?
read NbrStudents StudentMark: ?
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: ?
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

58. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

59. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Fundamental Programming: 2006

60. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: ?
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: ?
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: ?
read NbrStudents StudentMark: ?
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: ?
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

61. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: ?
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: ?
read NbrStudents StudentMark: ?
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: ?
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

62. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Number of students ==>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

63. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: ?
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: ?
read NbrStudents StudentMark: ?
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: ?
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

64. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Number of students ==>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

65. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Number of students ==> 2
Fundamental Programming: 2006

66. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: ?
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: ?
read NbrStudents StudentMark: ?
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: ?
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

67. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: ?
read NbrStudents StudentMark: ?
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: ?
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

68. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 0
read NbrStudents StudentMark: ?
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: ?
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

69. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 0
read NbrStudents StudentMark: ?
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: ?
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

70. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Number of students ==> 2
Student’s mark ==>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

71. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 0
read NbrStudents StudentMark: ?
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: ?
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

72. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Number of students ==> 2
Student’s mark ==>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

73. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Number of students ==> 2
Student’s mark ==> 20
Fundamental Programming: 2006

74. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 0
read NbrStudents StudentMark: ?
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: ?
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

75. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 0
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 20
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: ?
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

76. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 0
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 20
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 25
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

77. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Number of students ==> 2
Student’s mark ==> 20
Student’s percentage:
Fundamental Programming: 2006

78. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 0
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 20
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 25
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

79. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Number of students ==> 2
Student’s mark ==> 20
Student’s percentage: 25
Fundamental Programming: 2006

80. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 0
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 20
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 25
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

81. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 1
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 20
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 25
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

82. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 1
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 20
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 25
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

83. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Number of students ==> 2
Student’s mark ==> 20
Student’s percentage: 25
Student’s mark ==>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

84. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 1
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 20
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 25
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

85. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Number of students ==> 2
Student’s mark ==> 20
Student’s percentage: 25
Student’s mark ==>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

86. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Number of students ==> 2
Student’s mark ==> 20
Student’s percentage: 25
Student’s mark ==> 40
Fundamental Programming: 2006

87. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 1
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 20
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 25
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=> l
Fundamental Programming: 2006

88. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 1
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 40
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 25
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

89. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 1
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 40
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 50
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

90. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 1
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 40
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 50
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

91. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Number of students ==> 2
Student’s mark ==> 20
Student’s percentage: 25
Student’s mark ==> 40
Student’s percentage:
Fundamental Programming: 2006

92. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 1
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 40
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 50
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

93. Example dialog Number of marks in exam ==> 80
Number of students ==> 2
Student’s mark ==> 20
Student’s percentage: 25
Student’s mark ==> 40
Student’s percentage: 50
Fundamental Programming: 2006

94. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 1
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 40
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 50
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

95. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 2
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 40
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 50
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

96. Example of while write “Number of marks in exam ==> “ NbrMarks: 80
read NbrMarks NbrStudents: 2
write “Number of students ==> “ NbrProcessed: 2
read NbrStudents StudentMark: 40
set NbrProcessed to Percentage: 50
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark
set Percentage to 100 * StudentMark / NbrMarks
write “ Student’s percentage: “
write Percentage
set NbrProcessed to NbrProcessed + 1
=>
Fundamental Programming: 2006

97. Activity Show the output produced by the following pseudocode.
set TotalCost to 20
set ItemCost to 5
set NumberOfItems to 0
while TotalCost > 0
set TotalCost to TotalCost - ItemCost
set NumberOfItems to NumberOfItems + 1
write “Number of items purchased: “
write NumberOfItems
Fundamental Programming: 2006

98. Activity Break
Fundamental Programming: 2006

99. Pseudocode in Study Guide
one data input statement: read
one data output statement: write
one assignment statement: set
two flow control statements:
one selection statement: if-then-else
if Percentage < 50 then
write “(Fail)”
else
write “(Pass)”
one repetition statement: while
while NbrProcessed < NbrStudents
write “Student’s mark ==> “
read StudentMark :
Fundamental Programming: 2006

100. Flowchart A graphical tools for writing an algorithm Flow lines
Start/Stop
Input/Output
Processing
Fundamental Programming: 2006

101. การเขียนผังงาน (Flowchart)
Decision
Connection
Predefined Process (Subprogram)
Printer output
Storage
Fundamental Programming: 2006

102. Fundamental Programming: 2006

103. Programming Languages
all programming languages consist of a collection of input, output, assignment, selection and repetition statements
most have:
only one assignment statement
one or more input and output statements
several selection and repetition statements
sample assignment statements:
C++: NbrProcessed = 0 ;
Visual Basic: NbrProcessed = 0
Pascal: NbrProcessed := 0 ;
COBOL: MOVE 0 TO NBR-PROCESSED.
Fundamental Programming: 2006

104. Summary we start from written specifications
a 6-step process has been provided to help with the analysis of written specifications
program designs are written in pseudocode
Study Guide uses very simple pseudocode
five base programming statements are: input, output, assignment, selection, repetition
these statements provide a platform for programming in all popular languages
Fundamental Programming: 2006

105. Study Guide
this week you should read the first three modules in the Study Guide (Book 1) and make a start on Module 4
also, you should read Assignment 1
by the end of this week you will be in a position to make a start on Assignment 1
start Assignment 1 as soon as you can!
Fundamental Programming: 2006