1. Ch.10 Agriculture
Von Thunen Model

2. Review: What is a model?
Models are examples that help us better understand a major concept or idea.
Models are NOT exact and are flexible.
Models are NOT perfect.
Models might look different in reality than the do in theory.

3. Historical Background
“A Portion of Each Crop is Eaten By the Wheels!”- von Thunen. Germany, 1820’s.
Developed by Johann Heinrich von Thunen in the early 1800’s (19th century)
Based on the layout of Rostock, Germany
Noticed a pattern of 4 rings developed around the central city.
Each ring was a different type of agriculture.
Created before highways, railroads, factories, etc.

4. Von Thunen’s Model of Agricultural Land Use
The first location theory
A concentric model

5. The 6 Assumptions
There is only one market available, self-sufficient with no outside influence.
All farmers are market oriented, producing goods for sale. (Not subsistence.)
The physical environment is uniform; there are no rivers or mountains.
All points at equal distances from the market have equal access to the market.
All farmers act to maximize profits.
The dietary preferences of the population are those of Germanic Europeans.

6. Land Rent
The main concept is land rent or land value, which will decrease as one gets farther away from central markets.
Rent is highest in the closest proximity to urban markets. (Bid-Rent Theory)
Thus, agricultural products that have intensive land use, have high transportation costs and were in great demand would be located close to urban markets.

7. Bid-Rent Curve
As distance from city center increases, cost of land goes down.

8. The Formula Profit = Market Price – Production Costs
Production costs include cost of labor, equipment, and TRANSPORTATION!
Factor 1: The bulkier the product, the more it costs to transport.
Factor 2: The more perishable a product, the closer to the market it has to be.
Factor 3: The more land a product needs, the farther from the central city it should be (land closer to city is more expensive)
All of these must be considered when deciding what to grow where!

9. The Rings Ring 1: Dairy/ Commercial Gardening Easily perishable goods
Located too far, goods go bad, no profit
Ring 2: Forest (building material/ fuel)
Not perishable but very heavy!
Ring 3: Extensive Crops (grains)
Not as heavy as wood, can be stored for longer periods of time.
Ring 4: Livestock
Needs a lot of land
Perishable once slaughtered, but animals can transport themselves!
Beyond the rings: Wilderness
Too far from city, to expensive to transport anything.

10. So….
Dairying and gardening of fruits and vegetables would be closer to the urban market while…
Timber and firewood for fuel and building materials would be in the second zone.
Mixed farming, commercial grain and orchards and
Extensive cattle ranching would be located farther away. Transportation is cheap: the animals can walk to the city for butchering.

11. Some products spoiled more quickly, needed more sensitive transportation, or generate higher prices at market
These products mean the farmer can afford higher land rent.

12. A different way to look at it…