1. 1st Semester Midterm

2. 1. Write scientific method down in order and describe each step
1. Write scientific method down in order and describe each step. (pages )
1.-Problem (question) something you want to investigate
2.-Hypothesis (testable explanation)
3.-Experiment (testing) Using qualitative observations (using your 5 senses) and more importantly quantitative (more precise using measurements-NUMBERS)
4.-record (data)
5.-conclusion (did it prove or disprove hypoth. summary) Use our observations (using 5 senses data and make logical inferences (using previous information from observations)
6.-repeat

3. 2. How many variables can be tested in each experiment? (notes)
1 and only 1

4. 3. Define hypothesis: (page 1062)
A testable possible answer to a scientific question

5. 4. What are some avoidable and unavoidable errors in experiments
4.What are some avoidable and unavoidable errors in experiments? (page 13)
avoidable-calculating, having a large enough sample for representation, bias, not including a control group & plotting/graphing errors
unavoidable-nature & genetic, and species variations

6. --independent variable-
5.Define: (page )
--independent variable-
The 1 thing that is different in an experiment
--dependent variable -
What changes in the experiment because of the independent variable
--Control group
- Best to have a group that stays the same (not tested upon)
Variable group is the experimental group
Control group=
Untested-the “norm”
dependent variable is the results
Size of both groups of
Plants after experiment
Fertilizer is the independent variable

7. 6. Define theory: (page 13)
Well-tested explanation from a broad range of experiments/observ.

8. 7. What is the order of the metric prefixes
7. What is the order of the metric prefixes? hint: King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk (notes)
k-h -dk -units-d -c -m
Prefix is added onto the unit (m-meters/length, g-mass/weight & l-volume of liquid K K

9. 8. Where do you measure liquid in a graduated cylinder? (notes)
At the meniscus-which is the lowest part of the liquid's curve

10. 9. Who are the scientists and what are their main contributions in disproving spontaneous generation?(pages 9-12)
Disproved with 2 jars of meat. (1 covered and 1 uncovered) covered did not have maggots
Redi-
Proved using gravy-with and without covering. Both had created microorganisms. There was a FLAW in experiment
Needham-

11. 9 Cont.
Disproved by redoing Needham but fixed flaw by boiling gravy enough to kill ALL microorganisms
Spallanzani-
Pastuer-
Was known for CONCLUSIVELY disproving spontaneous generation! By using his curved-necked flask!

12. 10. How do you set up a data table? (notes)
-use observations (things seen & measured) not inferences (how you interpret the observation)
-use quantitative data (numbers) & qualitative (descriptive words)
use 3/4 (75%) of paper
-independent variable in 1st column
-dependent variables in the rest of the columns

13. 11. What are some basic points to plotting a graph? (notes)
Using best scale to fit put points
Draw a straight line that passes through the area with most points to show a TREND!
DO NOT CONNECT THE DOTS!

14. 12. List the microscope parts and function. (page 1070)
Stage-
clip-
diaphragm-
eyepiece & obj. lenses-
holds slide
holds slide on stage
decides amount of light
total magnification

15. coarse adjustment knob- fine adjustment knob- base- nose-
Cont.
coarse adjustment knob-
fine adjustment knob-
base-
nose-
makes large adjustments
focuses for best resolution
holds microscope
holds obj. lenses

16. Anton van Leeuwenhoek-
13.Who are the scientists and their main contributions to establishing the Cell Theory? (pages )
Hooke-
Anton van Leeuwenhoek-
named "cells"
tiny living oranisms in pond water

17. Schleiden- Schwann- Rudolph Virchow- plant cells animal cells
13. cont.
Schleiden-
Schwann-
Rudolph Virchow-
plant cells
animal cells
Cell theory

18. 14.What are the three components of the Cell Theory? (p. 170).
-New cells are produced from existing cells
-Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things
-All living things are made from cells

19. 15.What are the characteristics of living things? (p. 16-17)
-universal genetic code
-are made of cells
-maintain homeostasis
-evolve over time

20. -respond to environment -obtain & use material & energy
15. cont.
-grow & develop
-reproduce
-respond to environment
-obtain & use material & energy

21. 16.Know the types of chemical bonds. (page 38 & 41)
giving and taking electrons
ionic-
hydrogen-
covalent-
water
sharing electrons

22. 17. Make a Venn diagram of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (pages 172-173)
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Both
1. No nucleus DNA DNA in bound
nucleus
2. very small Cell membrane much larger
3. few organelles Cytoplasm Many organelles
4. Bacteria cells plant & animal