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Unit 1: Biochemistry Macromolecules A. Carbohydrates
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Macromolecules macromolecules are large molecules that are often composed of repeating sub-units (monomers) some of the biologically important macromolecules are: carbohydrates -lipids proteins -nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates carbohydrates are our most important energy source
can be simple (mono- or disaccharides) or complex sugars (polysaccharides) Image from:
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1. Monosaccharides single sugars in straight chain or ring form
C:H:O usually in 1:2:1 ratio (glucose is C6H12O6) examples: glucose, fructose, deoxyribose Image from:
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1. Monosaccharides some monosaccharides are isomers, e.g., glucose & fructose (same formula-C6H12O6, different structure) Image from:
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Isomers of Glucose & ß
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2. Disaccharides = double sugar Glucose Fructose + Sucrose
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2. Disaccharides sugar molecules made from 2 single sugars
formed by a dehydration reaction Image from: Sucrose, maltose (malt sugar used in making beer), lactose (in milk), etc.
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Dehydration reactions
- a chemical reaction where monomers are joined by the removal of water (H+ & OH-) (aka condensation) Hydrolysis Reactions - reverse of dehydration - H+ & OH- are added to molecules to break them into smaller subunits
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Find the sugars… Image from:
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Granola bars healthy. Image from: http://healthyeatingnaturally
Granola bars healthy? Image from: granola-bars/
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Let’s make some sugars....
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Self-test What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide? What is an isomer? Give an example of biological isomers.
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What is the formula of glucose? (Draw a simple structure.)
What is the formula of fructose? (Draw a simple structure.) When are carbohydrates in chains versus rings?
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Identify the following molecule as either alpha glucose or beta- glucose. How do you know?
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What type of reaction is this?
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3. Polysaccharides oligosaccharides are shorter-chain sugars with single sugars longer chain carbohydrates are called polysaccharides examples: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin Polymerization- linking identical subunits (i.e., monomers) to make a larger molecule
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1. Cellulose humans cannot digest this cellulose (=fibre) long chains of ß-linkages structural molecule in plants (cell wall)
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very easy for humans to digest alpha-linkages in sugars
2. Starch very easy for humans to digest alpha-linkages in sugars fast source of energy storage molecule for plants Glucose (Note: all sugars line up the same way)
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3. Glycogen a large molecule that is used by humans to store energy found in muscles & liver cells similar in structure to starch (i.e., alpha links) but branching molecule
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Let’s take a look at starch (crystals, that is...)
Make a wet mount of a banana cell. Stain the cells with iodine. Draw and label the starch crystals. --> Note: starch crystals do not look like glucose molecules!
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Carbohydrate Summary Type Examples Function Drawing monosaccharide
disaccharide Polysaccharide
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