1. AP Bio Students
The detailed chemistry in the diagrams is there to expose the Basic Bio students to the complexity, but I do not require them to learn it in Basic Bio. (just the details in the step-by step pages)
You will be learning the chem in the diagrams this year in AP Bio.
Aloha

2. CELL ENERGY
Energy is transported within the cell using the ADP-ATP system
ADP - Adenosine diphosphate
A-P~P
ATP - Adenosine triphosphate
A-P~P~P

3. CELL ENERGY Energy is stored by converting ADP to ATP
ADP + Phosphate + energy ATP
A-P~P + P + energy A-P~P~P
Energy is released by converting ATP to ADP
A-P~P~P A-P~P + P + energy
ATP’s may be used as a measure of energy in the cell

4. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Using sunlight energy to produce glucose 2 parts...
Light dependent reactions
Light independent reactions

5. T.E. Englemann’s Experiment

6. Wavelength absorption (%) Wavelength (nanometers)
Chlorophylls
Wavelength absorption (%)
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
Wavelength (nanometers)

7. Photosynthesis
Fig. 7-6a, p.111

8. Don’t write this, just read it Inside a Chloroplast
In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts.
Plant
Chloroplast
Plant cells

9. Don’t write this, just read it Inside a Chloroplast
Chloroplasts contain thylakoids—saclike photosynthetic membranes.
Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana.
Single
thylakoid
Chloroplast

10. Don’t write this, just read it
Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters called photosystems, which are the light-collecting units of the chloroplast.
Photosystems
Chloroplast

11. light-dependant reactions light-independant reactions
Photosynthesis
SUNLIGHT
H2O O2
CO2
NADPH, ATP
light-dependant reactions
light-independant reactions
NADP+, ADP
sugars
CHLOROPLAST
Fig. 7-6c, p.111

12. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light dependent reactions
happen in thylakoids in chloroplast
1- Light hits chlorophyll,chlorophyll gets excited
2- Chlorophyll releases a high energy electron to an electron transport chain
3- Chlorophyll splits H2O into...
H - goes to Light independent reactions in stroma
Energy - goes to Light independent reactions (carried by ATP and NADPH)
O - released to atmosphere as O2

13. Light-Dependent Reactions
photon
Photosystem
Light-Harvesting Complex
Fig. 7-7, p.112

14. cross-section through a disk-shaped fold in the thylakoid membrane
LIGHT-
HARVESTING
COMPLEX
PHOTOSYSTEM II
sunlight
PHOTOSYSTEM I H+
NADPH e- e- e- e- e- e-
NADP + + H+ e-
H2O H+ H+ H+ H+
thylakoid
compartment H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ O2 H+
thylakoid
membrane
stroma
ADP + Pi
ATP
cross-section through a disk-shaped fold in the thylakoid membrane H+
Fig. 7-8, p.113

15. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light independent reactions happen in stroma
H and Energy from Light dependent reactions and CO2 from atmosphere combine in the Calvin-Benson Cycle to form…
C6H12O6...(Glucose)

16. phosphorylated glucose
Calvin- Benson Cycle
6CO2
ATP
6 RuBP
12 PGA 12
6 ADP
12 ADP +
Calvin-Benson
cycle
12 Pi
ATP 12
NADPH
4 Pi
12 NADP+
10 PGAL
12 PGAL
1 Pi 1
phosphorylated glucose
Fig. 7-10b, p.115

17. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Overall reaction
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

18. light-dependant reactions light-independant reactions
Photosynthesis
SUNLIGHT
H2O O2
CO2
NADPH, ATP
light-dependant reactions
light-independant reactions
NADP+, ADP
sugars
CHLOROPLAST
Fig. 7-6c, p.111

19. RESPIRATION/FERMENTATION
Releasing energy from glucose
Happens around and in mitochondria
Different reactions depending upon conditions and the type of organism
Always starts with Glycolysis

20. RESPIRATION/FERMENTATION
Glycolysis -
1 glucose splits into 2 Pyruvic acid molecules
2 ATP are used to start reaction
4 ATP produced
High energy electrons are released and convert NAD+ to NADH
net energy gain so far - 2 ATP per glucose
From here - 3 different pathways

21. Main Types of Energy-Releasing Pathways
start (glycolysis) in cytoplasm
start (glycolysis) in cytoplasm
completed in cytoplasm
completed in mitochondrion
Anaerobic Energy-Releasing Pathways
Aerobic Respiration
Fig. 8-2, p.124

22. RESPIRATION/FERMENTATION
Alcohol Fermentation
Happens in yeast and some bacteria

23. Alcoholic Fermentation
Fig. 8-10a, p.132

24. Alcoholic Fermentation
Fig. 8-10b, p.132

25. Alcoholic Fermentation
Fig. 8-10c, p.132

26. RESPIRATION/FERMENTATION
Alcohol Fermentation
Happens in yeast and some bacteria
uses no oxygen - anaerobic
Pyruvic acid from glycolysis gets electrons back from NADH and splits into alcohol and CO2
No additional energy released
net energy gain - 2 ATP per glucose (Glycolysis)

27. Alcoholic Fermentation
glycolysis
C6H12O6
Alcoholic Fermentation 2
ATP
energy input
2 ADP
2 NAD+ 2
NADH 4
ATP
2 pyruvate
energy output
2 ATP net
ethanol formation
2 H2O
2 CO2
2 acetaldehyde
electrons, hydrogen from NADH
2 ethanol
Fig. 8-10d, p.132

28. RESPIRATION/FERMENTATION
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Happens in animals when oxygen is not available - anaerobic

29. Lactate Fermentation
Fig. 8-12, p.133

30. RESPIRATION/FERMENTATION
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Happens in animals when oxygen is not available - anaerobic
Pyruvic acid from glycolysis gets electrons back from NADH and changes into Lactic acid
No additional energy released
Lactic acid causes pain...Why?
net energy gain - 2 ATP per glucose(Glycolysis)

31. Lactate Fermentation glycolysis C6H12O6 ATP 2 energy input 2 ADP
2 NAD+ 2
NADH 4
ATP
2 pyruvate
energy output
2 ATP net
lactate fermentation
electrons, hydrogen from NADH
2 lactate
Fig. 8-11, p.133

32. RESPIRATION/FERMENTATION
Aerobic Respiration
Happens in animals and plants when oxygen is available - aerobic
2 ATP used to get Pyruvic acid into mitochondria

33. RESPIRATION/FERMENTATION
Pyruvic acid goes into complex series of reactions (Krebs cycle or TCA cycle or citric acid cycle)
Krebs cycle uses Oxygen and releases...
CO2 ...
H2O ...
Energy (ATP’s) …
High energy electrons from NADH go to an electron transport chain
Electron transport chain uses the electron’s energy to make more ATP

34. RESPIRATION/FERMENTATION
net energy gain - roughly 36 ATP per glucose
Overall reaction
C6H12O6 + 6O H2O + 6CO2 + energy (ATP’s)