1. Context, Implicature and Reference
Week 3 Language in context

2. Pragmatics?
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3. Pragmatics.
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics concerned with speech acts,
and how communication is achieved in a given instance of language use;
it studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener,
but also on the context of the utterance
knowledge about the status of those
involved,
the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on.[1

4. the context of the utterance,
Where?
Situation?
knowledge about the status of those involved,
Who?
Relationship?
the inferred intent of the speaker,
 Why?
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5. 1. Influence of intentions or goals on a meaning of a language

6. A: Is this your daughter? B: Yes, A: Wow!
A: Is this your pencil?
B: Yes, thanks.
A: Is this your daughter?
B: Yes,
A: Wow!
Where?
Who?
Relationship?
Why?
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7. 1. Use of indirect expressions to achieve the goal of communication
Another perspective is that pragmatics deals with the way in which we reach our goals in communication.

8. which is a direct method and has clear semantic meaning.
"Stop smoking, please!"
which is a direct method and has clear semantic meaning.
"Whew, this room could use an air purifier“
which implies a similar meaning but is indirect and therefore requires pragmatic inference to derive the intended meaning.
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9. Task 1 Please complete the blanks
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10. Pragmatic awareness
is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects of language learning, and comes only through experience.
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11. Context?
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12. Context, the dynamic context
the continually changing surroundings, it enables the participants in the communication process to interact, and in which the linguistic expressions of their interaction become intelligible.

13. So
Grammatical view: the linguistic elements are described in isolation
User-oriented: one asks how these linguistic elements are used in the context of interaction.

14. Through the contextual understanding
we can imply, assume, presuppose and guess intended meanings of produced language, socio status of the speakers, when the communication was generated, and many things.
But speakers have to share convention, history of a culture and of people.
So we can presuppose the intention of the communication
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15. Physical contextual influence.
It’s a long time since we visited your mother.
Two settings
Physical; where? (at the dinner table)
( transmogrified: at the hippopotamus cage?)
Emotional: role, status, relationship. intension

16. Cooperative understanding
Context is more than just reference.
Who is he? He’s John. John? Policeman?
Have to have a knowledge of who John is.
about understanding what things are for.
 Smart phone in somewhere?

17. Context Emotional setting Physical setting Historical convention
Cultural convention
Historical convention
Personal convention
Implication
Presupposition
Time
Social status
Relationship
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18. Implication 1
How can this context, shared knowledge and indirectly spoken intention could be implicated in ELT lessons?
A: What time is it?
B: It’s
A: Who is she?
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19. Context and Convention?
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20. Isolated representations
Meaning of a word itself make sense whenever it is said.
E.g. Urine is sign of health.
Your blood type.
Non controversial
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21. Language is conventional
There is no immediate, natural connection between a word and what it expresses.
We cannot ‘read off’ this speaker meaning of an utterance in the same way, and as directly, as a physician is able to interpret the natural meaning of the color and other significant properties of a person’s urine.
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22. Context and convention
The specific paradox of pragmatics is, then that language users must employ socially conventional, linguistic means to express their individual intentions. .
Wow, there are too many dishes.
That woman is very good at talking.

23. Personal? Cultural convention?
What would be the convention of this context if the sentences below mean that you have to do the dishes or do not trust that woman. .
Wow, there are too many dishes.
That woman is very good at talking.

24. Context and convention
Why?
Because
Cannot naturally express what they think.

25. Context and convention
The invisible workings of their minds cannot be immediately expressed, in a natural way, but must be coded in non-natural, conventional and contextual, carriers.
A: Why don’t you take a hot bath.
B: I don’t want to take a bath.
What does this dialogue intends to?
What would be the conventional meaning of this dialogue or ‘taking a bath?
If this dialogue surpass an implied intention then who A and B should be and Where does this dialogue is taken?

26. Not by individual but by society
Since language is developed in a social context, its use is governed by society rather than by the individual speakers.

27. Contextual assumption
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28. Contextual assumption
A: so can you please come over here again right now.
B: Well, I have to go to Edinburgh today sir.
A: Hmm, how about this Thursday?

29. Contextual assumption
The spatial: where
Temporal: when (before Tuesday)
Relationship: giving order
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30. Contextual assumption
A: so can you please come over here again right now.
B: Well, I have to go to Edinburgh today sir.
A: Hmm, how about this Thursday?

31. Presupposition
In the linguistic branch of pragmatics, a presupposition is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse.
Do you want to do it again?
Jane no longer writes fiction.

32. Presupposition? Do you want to do it again?
Presupposition: that you have done it already, at least once.
Jane no longer writes fiction.
Presupposition: that Jane once wrote fiction

33. Context Convention Presupposition
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34. Convention, context, presupposition
A: Where are my keys? B: Jane went out. A: Cannot stand it anymore. B: Oh! Here she goes again.
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35. Convention, context, presupposition
A: She’s not at home? B: It’s 12. A: When has it finished? B: Buravo! What we’ve got here.
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36. Implicature

37. Implicature
It refers to what is suggested (what can be deduced, inferred) in an utterance, even though not expressed nor strictly implied (that is, entailed) by the utterance.[1]

38. For example, the sentence "Mary had a baby and got married" strongly suggests that Mary had the baby before the wedding, but the sentence would still be strictly true if Mary had her baby after she got married. Further, if we add the qualification "— not necessarily in that order" to the original sentence, then the implicature is cancelled even though the meaning of the original sentence is not altered.
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39. Imply
To fold something into something else

40. Conversational Implicature
The way we understand an utterance in conversation in accordance with what we expect to hear.
What time is it?
The bus just went by,
Both knows there is only one bus and it is gone already.
It make sense not grammatically but carry the required information.

41. Cooperative principles
More understanding of the context brings more guesses.
People, in the conversation try to help other people in answering.
Accept that aunt knows only about the month not date.

42. So Both knows what is happening in this context
More than just language.
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43. Create one conversational implicature
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44. Create one conversational implicature
A: What time are they coming back? B: Oh! Stop it. A: I love you! B: Go to hell! A: Give it to me. I’ll do it. B: Great!
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45. Conventional implicature
Meaning of verbal expressions are governed by its historically developed, culture-specific and class related.

46. Culture & social class related
Language learning is a personal, communal, and political act that involves border-crossings. L2 language classroom as a site of struggle where social issues and cultural values play a significant role in the curriculum.
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47. Historically developed
He’s Japanese.
He has a Japanese look.
He’s got a brother living in the USA.
She’s the secretary.
She’s working in PX.
She’s married to an American soldier.
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48. Class related.
Accent means social inferiority? It is due to history or socially built up situation.
‘Yo man, What’s up?
I almost wet my pants.
OH, it’s fucking good.
I am really honoured to do so.
Please make a theoretical analysis.

49. Register
By register, one understands the linguistic resources that speakers have at their disposal to mark their attitude towards their interlocutors.

50. Formal vs informal register.
Register changes due to pragmaticalized context. (situation, relationship)
due  sie. Nam-joon  Dr. Kang
자기  야  당신  너
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51. Culture related She’s living by herself. And she has a boy friend.
She’s nineteen. She’s living with her family.
He’s a civil servant.
She has many creative and interesting ideas.
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52. Well
Implicatures are standardized by convention, and cannot be changed even if we invoke another context;
Language cannot be understood without understanding convention, culture, personal history, or intention at the time when the speech is spoken.
We learn all these through the performance in Drama.
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53. Context Convention Presupposition
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54. Context Emotional setting Physical setting Historical convention
Cultural convention
Historical convention
Personal convention
Implication
Presupposition
Time
Social status
Relationship
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55. Task 2
Please choose some sentences or dialogues from your textbook and make a role play reflecting conventional, historical, or personal implicature.
What would be the steps for developing this type of role playing?
What kinds of activities should be done in order to bring these implicature?
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56. Thanks and Love ya!!!!!
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57. Homework
Imply context, conventions, conversational implicatures, conventional implicatures, presuppositions, in drama activities for your own learners.
Please read 3.3 upwards and summarize the chapter.
Please answer to the questions 2, 3 & 5 in the ‘Review and Discussion” section (p )

58. 헐!!!!
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