1. Supreme Court Cases
Gibbons v. Ogden—declared that Congress had the authority over interstate commerce;
McCulloch v. Maryland—denied states the power to tax the national bank;
Fletcher v. Peck—nullified state law that violated individuals’ constitutional rights to enter into contracts;
Dartmouth College v. Woodward—prohibited states from interfering with contracts;

2. Foreign Agreements
Rush-Bagot Treaty—fixed the U.S. border at the 49th parallel and gave U.S. and Britain joint occupation of Oregon Territory;
Adams-Onís Treaty—United States gained Florida;
Monroe Doctrine—U.S. establishes its authority over the Western Hemisphere (1823)
Response to other countries attempts to create new colonies or attempt to overthrow newly independent republics in the Western Hemisphere

3. Expanding Westward
Moving west: to escape debts or the law, to find economic opportunity (cheap land)
Ppl could change occupations

4. Balance of Slave and Free States
1818: ten slave, ten free states
1819
IL as a free state
MO as a slave, but eventually free
AL as a slave
Missouri Compromise in 1820
admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, thus preserving a balance in the Senate, and divided the Louisiana Territory into slave and free lands (36 degrees, 30’ north latitude)

7. Chapter 7 Section 3

8. Expanding Democracy Changes Politics
John Quincy Adams chosen by H. of Reps over A. Jackson in 1824
Jacksonians formed Democratic-Republican party
Attempted to undermine J.Q. Adams
Voting changes
Many states didn’t require owning property as a qualification to vote

9. President Jackson
1828 campaign-Jackson portrayed his opponent as elitist, himself as one of modest beginnings
Spoils system
Incoming officials replaced former appointees w/ own friends
10% of federal employees fired by Jackson
“kitchen cabinet”-friends he used as main advisors

10. Removal of Native Americans
“civilized tribes”: Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Money was provided with which to negotiate treaties to move Native Americans west
Jackson used troops to force removal of Native Americans
Didn’t think assimilation was possible
Thought troops would have to watch Native Americans in the east

11. Cherokee Fight Back Cherokee used judicial system to fight removal
1st case was not heard b/c Chief Justice Marshall believed nation had no federal standing
2nd case: Worcester v. Georgia(1832)
Recognized as a distinct political community
John Ross fought relocation, others promoted it.
Trail of Tears
Oct & Nov groups of Cherokee sent to the West
Ppl died along the trail
Gov’t officials stole money
Cattle were stolen