1. Origins and Contributions of Muslim Empires
Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal
SSWH 12

3. Origin of Ottoman Empire
Began in 1299, with the gift of land in return for helping Seljuk Turks fight the Mongols.
Gradually began period of territorial acquisitions, including the final defeat of the Byzantines in 1493.

4. Geographical Extent of the Ottoman
Why Suleyman the Magnificent?
Trade, economic growth, and tremendous cultural and artistic activity helped define the reign of Süleyman as a "Golden Age."

5. Geographical Extent of the Ottoman
At the end of his rule, Suleyman the Magnificent had nearly doubled the Ottoman territories
Vienna in the West
Upper Arab Peninsula in the East
Crimea in the North
The Sudan in the South

7. Decline of Ottoman Empire
After Suleyman, the Ottomans gradually lost territory.
Sultans became less involved & power passed to ministers from elite groups in society.
Poor and rural areas unrepresented.
Increased corruption and taxes.
Continued on until after WWI, when it was dissolved because of its alliance with Germany and the country of Turkey was established.

8. Origin of the Safavid Empire
Rose in 1501 when Shah Ismail took much of Iran and Iraq and made himself shah (king) of a new Persian Empire
Campaigned for Shi’ite faith and unify and gain more territory in Anatolia and Arabian Peninsulas

9. Geographical Extent of Safavids
Why Shah Abbas I?
The Safavids under Abbas reached their height during his reign.

10. Geographical Extent of Safavids
Under Shah Abbas I, Safavids controlled
The Arabian Peninsula
Iran and Iraq

12. Decline of the Safavid Empire
After Abbas I, shahs did not have talent or political skill.
Shi’ite religious power increased in court and society had negative effect

15. Origin of the Mughal Empire
Founded by Babur in 1500.
Taking some of the decaying Timur Lenk empire, which had been established after the (Khan) Monguls went through the area.
Went through period of territorial expansion.

16. Geographical Extent of Mughals
Under Babur
Why Babur?
Founder
Babur’s territory
Timur Lenk’s western part (Afghanistan)
Kabul
Khyber Pass into North India

18. Geographical Extent of Mughals
Under Akbar
Why Akbar?
The Golden Age of the Mughals
Akbar’s Territory
Most of Northern Indian subcontinent

19. Decline of the Mughal Empire
Growing domestic problems under Shah Jahan
Wars & building projects caused weak treasury and higher taxes
Son, Aurangzeb, killed brother and imprisoned father to take over
Tried to end Hindu “social ills”
Domestic unrest led to foreign attack
British began to colonize on the coasts

21. Ottoman Influence in Religion
Sunni Muslims
Sultan claimed to be caliph
religious leader in charge of
guiding the church
maintaining Islamic law
Laws applied to Muslims
Used religious advisors called ulema (administered legal system and schools)
Tolerant of non-Muslims
Non-Muslims paid special tax but had freedom to practice other faiths

22. Ottoman Influence in Law
Ottomans served as military soldiers for the Islamic Abbasid dynasty
Built for jihad
Used janissaries – local Christians who converted to Islam and served as foot soldiers
Became known as a gunpowder empire
formed by conquerors based on their mastering technology of firearms

23. Ottoman Influence in Law
Sultan – political & military leader; power became hereditary.
Centralized administrative system (bureaucracy)
Run through council meeting headed by grand vizier
Became isolated from the people
Later: power passed to officials as Sultan became less involved in government.

25. Ottoman Influence in Law
Territory was administered as an empire.
divided into provinces
governed by local officials known as pashas
collected taxes
supplied armies
kept law and order
responsible to sultan’s court

26. Ottoman Influence in Law
Even though they were Islamic, women had some rights because of the ethnic Turkish belief in equality.
Own and inherit property
Could not be forced to marry
Could sometimes get divorced
Much power in the palace, i.e. Queen Mother (mother of the sultan)

27. Ottoman Influence in Art
Sultans were supporters and patrons of art
Pottery, rugs, textiles, jewelry, arms, and armor
Calligraphy, manuscript painting developed
Silk industry reemerged
Wall hangings, sofa covers, court costumes
Most important: Architecture (public works & religious buildings)
modeled on Hagia Sophia
Sinan built 81 mosques with domes & 4 towers (minarets)

31. Safavid Influence in Religion
Shi’ite Muslim
Used faith as unifying factor
Sent missionaries out into neighboring empires
Massacred Sunni Muslims in Baghdad
Following Abbas I, Safavids forced orthodoxy on people
Subordinated women (seclusion & veil)
Curbed intellectual freedom

32. Safavid Influence in Law
Used military principles like Ottomans
Janissaries
Gunpowder
Latest weapons
Shahs (rulers)
Available to the people
Appointed bureaucracy on merit
Active in monitoring trade and manufacturing

33. Safavid Influence in Law
Safe travel in the empire
rest areas on roads
policed to prevent bandits
Ongoing battles with Ottomans over territory
Eventually settled by peace treaty signed by Abbas I

34. Safavid Influence in Art
Knowledge and learning (science, math, and medicine) equaled other societies in the region
Planned capital city Isfahan
Palaces, mosques, bazaars, polo court
Buildings decorated with metalwork, tiles and glass
New practices in silk weaving
Bright colors
Silver and gold threads
Designs of birds, animals, and flowers
Wool carpet weaving is the biggest thing. – PERSIAN RUGS

36. Mughal Influence in Religion
Very religiously tolerant
Muslim leadership
Married Hindu (native Indian)
Allowed Christians to work as advisors in court

37. Mughal Influence in Law
Use of heavy artillery
Good negotiators
Semi-independent states held together by the emperor’s power
Like a federal government
High levels filled with Muslims
Lower levels filled with Hindu
Trade and manufacturing flourished due to peace and stability in the empire

38. Mughal Influence in Art
Patron of the arts (writing, painting, building)
Blended Persian and Indian styles together in new architecture
Taj Mahal was this style
Painting flourished
Akbar style – humans in action, using Renaissance perspective and lifelike portraits