1. Civil War

2. The Basics North (Union) South (Confederacy) Title
United States of America
Confederate States of America
President
Abraham Lincoln
Jefferson Davis
Capital
Washington, D.C.
Montgomery
Richmond*
Danville-for the last 7 days
Major General
Ulysses S. Grant
Robert E. Lee
Color
Blue
Gray
Battle Names
After a nearby river, stream or creek (ex. Bull Run)
After a town or railroad junction (ex. Manassas-Manassas Junction)

3. Women Sew uniforms Raise $ and supplies Compose uplifting poems/songs
Provide medical relief
Nurses/health-related volunteers
Aid freedmen
Assume roles of men
Some 400 disguise themselves and fight
Travel with army-spies, cook, write letters, assist with amputations

4. Economics of the War
Land Grant College Act-1862-states receive land to est. and maintain agricultural and mechanic arts institutions

5. The War Following the Election of 1860, 7 states leave the Union
First one to leave was South Carolina

6. Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 First shots fired of the Civil War
Confederates (General Beauregard) open fire on the federal fort
Act of rebellion-Lincoln responds by calling for a volunteer army
Union surrendered the fort
0 casualties, other than in Anderson’s gun salute
Following Fort Sumter, more states leave the Union
Border states remain loyal (see 1st Inaugural Address)

7. March 4, 1861 First Inaugural Address
“I believe I have no lawful right to [free the slaves], and I have no inclination to do so.”
Maintain loyalty of border states

8. First Bull Run/First Manassas July 21, Ends the illusion of a short war 1st major land battle Confederate victory-McDowell (U) delays allowing the Confederates to reinforce 5000 dead Jackson gets his name-”Stonewall”

9. Monitor and Merrimack March 9, 1862
Battle of the ironclads
Wooden navies become obsolete

10. Shiloh April 6-7, 1862
Bloodiest single battle on the continent to that time
Both sides=heavy casualties
Approx. 24,000 dead
Union victory once reinforcements arrive

11. Antietam Sept. 17, 1862 Lee makes offensive move north
In 12 hours, bloodiest day of the war up to its time: over 22,000 dead/wounded; Confederate casualties=1/3 of their army
British and the French who were contemplating recognizing the Confederacy hold off
Confederates retreat
Begin photographing the dead
Eman. Proc. Issued shortly after

12. Emancipation Proclamation Sept. 22, 1862
"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”

13. Chancellorsville May 1-4, 1863
Lee’s most brilliant victory (dividing his army)
Lee’s costliest victory-loss of Jackson

14. Vicksburg May-June 1863 Anaconda Plan at its best
Approx. 1 month, 2800 shells/day
Union gains control of the Miss. River

15. Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Lee tries offensive move again
Bloodiest battle: over 50,000 casualties: approx. 28,000 C, 25,000 U
Over 4000 horses dead
Turning point of the war
South never tries the offensive move again

16. Gettysburg Address
Lincoln there to commemorate a cemetery for the fallen
Connection to the Declaration of Independence
Not just a fight to unite the nation, but also to obtain freedom/liberty for all
No mention of slavery
Continue fighting to ensure those who died did not die in vain

17. March to the Sea Sept. 2-Dec. 1864
Deliberate destruction-”total war”
Destroy all in his path-”make GA. howl”
Destroy rail lines, fields, morale
Helped break the will of the Confederates to fight on

18. Appomattox April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant
“Gentlemen’s Agreement”
Soldiers not punished as long as they obey the laws
Soldiers are fed
Soldiers may take their horses and mules home
Marks the end of the war

19. Lincoln Assassinated April 14, 1865
Carried out 4/14/65 (war surrender 4/9/65)
Larger conspiracy-plot to kill 3 (Lincoln, VP Andrew Johnson and Sec. of St. Seward)
Johnson-his assassin got drunk and cold feet
Seward-stab wounds, survived
Lincoln-assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
Booth-confederate zealot, actor, fired derringer to back of Lincoln’s head as he watched “Our American Cousin” at Ford’s Theater
“sic semper tyrannis”-motto of VA.
Lincoln died 9 hrs later; Booth pursued in to VA. And killed in a burning barn

20. Lincoln’s Legacy Emancipation Proclamation
Suspension of Habeas Corpus-allows for the arrest/imprisonment of individuals without telling them what they did wrong or providing for a trial (mainly for suspected Confederate sympathizers); a man arrested challenges this and the Supreme Court rules Lincoln cannot do this…Lincoln ignores the ruling
Gettysburg Address
Assassination-MARTYRDOM?

21. Medical Conditions More deaths due to diseases than anything else
Poor sanitation, primitive medical practices, contaminated water supplies, amputations often infected

22. Prisons Andersonville, GA.
Designed to hold 10,000; pop. Swelled to over 32,000
Deteriorating resources and overcrowding-health and nutritional conditions
12,912 deaths by war’s end
Apart from the Lincoln conspirators, Conf. Henry Wirz who commanded Andersonville is the only other one executed for actions in the Civil War
Federal prisons notorious for the same: Alton, IL. and Elmira, NY

23. 54th Massachusetts Regiment
1st African-American regiment-for the Union
Commissioned in 1863 after the Eman. Proc.
Led by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw
Initially mistreated, gained respect over time
Movie “Glory”