1. Leadership Training Extended Unit 3: Navigation

2. Keeping Track of where you are
How do you hold the map when navigating?
Thumbing the map:
Ticking off features is about being observant, having your map handy and checking your current position continuously as your walk progresses: i.e. “Thumbing the map.”
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

3. Navigation Techniques
Aiming Off
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

4. Navigation Techniques
2. Attack Points
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

5. Navigation Techniques
3. Handrails
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

6. Navigation Techniques
4. Catching Features
A handy way to keep
on track is to identify
features that tell you
you have gone too far.
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

7. Navigation Techniques
5. Back bearing / resection
You are standing at an intersection of 4 roads
and wonder where you might be
as there are a number of similar spots
in the area.
In order to confirm your position you decide
to do a resection.
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

8. Navigation Techniques
5. Back bearing / resection - continued
You can see three known high points and take a magnetic bearing on each of these.
Warby North GR °
Mount Warby GR °
Knoll GR °
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

9. Navigation Techniques Revision
Contour interval 2 ° Red: positive (east) Blue: negative (west) Green: zero Map published January 2010
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

10. Navigation Techniques
5. Back bearing / resection – Exercise
What is the grid reference for the location
where you are standing?
Convert a magnetic bearing to a grid bearing by adding 11 degrees EAST (MGA)
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

11. Navigation Techniques
Calculation of back bearing for Mount Warby GR
Magnetic bearing taken to Mt Warby is 156°
If bearing is < 180° add or > 180° subtract
Therefore = 336° Magnetic back bearing.
To convert a magnetic bearing to a grid bearing when variation is Easterly: Add
Therefore = 347° Grid bearing
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

12. Navigation Techniques
Calculation of back bearing for Mount Warby GR continued:
Now set your compass to 347° and place on your map over Mt Warby and ensure the fixed red lines on the compass lie parallel with the grid lines on the north facing part of the map.
Draw a line along the direction of travel (edge) part of your compass.
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

13. 3.2 – Navigation Techniques
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

14. 3.2 – Navigation Techniques
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

15. 3.2 – Navigation Techniques
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

16. 3.2 – Navigation Techniques
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

17. Navigation Techniques
6. Difficult conditions
How can you successfully navigate in:
Poor visibility/ foul weather
Thick scrub / logs/ steep , uneven ground
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

18. Estimating distance Timing – Naismith’s Rule:
For an average walker with a medium pack, allow one hour for
-Every 4 kms of easy going
-Every 3 kms of easy scrambling
-Every 1.5 kms of very rough country/
thick bush
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

19. Estimating distance Timing – Naismith’s Rule - continued: Then add
One hour for every 500m of up
One hour for every 1000m of down
Add one hour for more than 6 hours walking.
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

20. Estimating distance Timing – Naismith’s Rule - continued:
This rule is for an average group
- For fit experienced walkers reduce by a third
- For larger groups, less experienced walkers, this rule may be optimistic
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

21. Estimating distance Timing – Naismith’s Rule - continued:
Generally, experience has shown that a fit backpacking party moves at an average of 3km/hr in most normal situations.
Remember that it doesn't allow for rests or stops.
Naismith’s rule is a valuable navigation aid and also a useful way of working out how long your entire route will take.
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

22. Estimating distance 2. Pacing:
How many paces do you take in 100 metres? Outside exercise!
This can be very effective but requires concentration!
Remembering how many hundreds of metres you have paced.
One idea: have a set of small stones/sticks and place one down for each 100m.
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

23. Planning your route
What navigational preparation do you need to do before leading a pack carry?
What navigational factors do you need to consider ?
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

24. Planning your route Sample Route Plan Card
Map N Geehi Dam
Scale 1: Contour interval m Magnetic variation °
Stage
Objective
Grid
Reference
Bearing
magnetic *
Distance
Time
mins.
Height +or -
Details
At Consett Stephen Pass
220772 1
To Mt Tate
213758
192°
1.7 km
1 hr
+140m
Rough ground and snow grass 2
To Mt Anderson via Mann Bluff
195740
218°
3 km
1:45 hr
+180m -240m
Picks up old rough fire trail
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

25. Planning your route Route planning card:
You are asked to complete a route planning card for a pack carry in the Warby Ranges
Start/finish GR276822
One night out in Spring
Factors you need to consider:
Timing, Weather, Group ability
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

26. 1. Lost: The map must be wrong! Be careful. This is a warning sign
Lost & Survival skills
1. Lost:
The map must be wrong!
Be careful. This is a warning sign
What can you do to ensure you know where you are?
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

27. Lost & Survival skills
2. Survival:
What are the basic techniques you can use to ensure survival?
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

28. NO Does this mean I no longer need a map and compass? Using a GPS:
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

29. Using a GPS:
The use of map & compass should remain the primary method for navigation because:
Loss of signals in some remote locations and in gully country
Flat batteries
Damaged or lost GPS unit.
Map provides a much wider and larger area of the region being traversed, compared with the small GPS screen.
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

30. Using a GPS: Map is better to determine an escape route if needed;
The use of map & compass should remain the primary method for navigation because:
Map is better to determine an escape route if needed;
If you can’t use a map to understand the terrain and topography, then the use of a GPS may not necessarily help you find your way out of an area;
Nevertheless GPS use is becoming more and more popular and users don’t necessarily agree with the statement above. Beware!
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

31. Using a GPS:
All map references were moved in 2000 approx. 200m NE which brought Australia in line with the rest of the world. This became the Geocentric Datum of Australia: GDA
This allows direct readings from GPS units using default WGS84 datum (World Geodetic Datum) without need for correction. 
Older maps (pre 2000) use Australian Geodetic Datum AGD 1966, which was superseded by GDA94 after 1 January 2000.
To avoid a possible 200m discrepancy you must ensure that datum used in the GPS and map is the same.
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

32. Using a GPS:
GPS is based on the principle of trilateration. This allows for calculation of a position on earth to be made by knowing the distance from 3 other known locations. Simple equation: Velocity x Travel Time = Distance.
GPS knows velocity of a satellite, how long for signal to reach earth and information from 4 satellites will determine a position on earth.
(Resection exercise).
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

33. Using a GPS:
For bushwalking a GPS unit is a very good secondary backup. Set to provide a Grid Reference, it can assist when in:
Fog and Whiteout conditions;
Broken country when map information may be limited;
Need confirmation of your location;
Provide an exact location to the emergency services if necessary.
Garmin is a good brand name used by many bushwalkers and emergency services:
Etrex 20
Etrex 30
64s
BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation