1. 1. Define important words in this chapter
benign prostatic hypertrophy a disorder that can occur in men as they age, in which the prostate becomes enlarged and causes problems with urination and/or emptying the bladder. cervical cancer a form of female reproductive cancer that begins in the cervix. chlamydia a sexually-transmitted infection caused by bacteria. endometrial cancer a form of female reproductive cancer that begins in the uterus.

2. 1. Define important words in this chapter
erectile dysfunction (ED) the inability to have or maintain a penile erection. genital herpes a sexually-transmitted, incurable infection caused by herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2). genital HPV infection a sexually-transmitted infection caused by human papillomavirus. glands organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones. gonads the male and female sexual reproductive glands.

3. 1. Define important words in this chapter
gonorrhea a sexually-transmitted infection caused by bacteria. hormones chemical substances produced by the body that control numerous body functions. menopause the end of menstruation; occurs when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 months.

4. 1. Define important words in this chapter
menstruation the shedding of the lining of the uterus that occurs approximately every 28 days; also known as period. ovarian cancer a form of female reproductive cancer that begins in the ovaries. ovum female sex cell or egg.

5. 1. Define important words in this chapter
prostate cancer a form of male reproductive cancer that begins in the prostate gland. sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) infections caused by sexual contact with infected people; signs and symptoms are not always apparent. sperm male sex cells. syphilis a sexually-transmitted infection caused by bacteria.

6. 1. Define important words in this chapter
testicular cancer a form of male reproductive cancer that begins in the testes. trichomoniasis a sexually-transmitted infection caused by protozoa (single-celled animals). vaginitis an inflammation of the vagina.

7. 2. Explain the structure and function of the reproductive system
Define the following terms: sperm male sex cells. ovum female sex cell or egg. gonads the male and female sexual reproductive glands. glands organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones.

8. 2. Explain the structure and function of the reproductive system
Define the following terms: hormones chemical substances produced by the body that control numerous body functions. menstruation the shedding of the lining of the uterus that occurs approximately every 28 days; also known as period.

9. Transparency 17-1: The Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System

10. 2. Explain the structure and function of the reproductive system
Know these points about the reproductive system:
Reproductive organs and hormones are different in males and females.
The reproductive system allows human beings to reproduce, or create new human life.

11. 2. Explain the structure and function of the reproductive system
Function of the male reproductive system:
Manufacture sperm and the male hormone, testosterone
Functions of the female reproductive system:
Manufacture ova and female hormones, estrogen and progesterone
Provide environment for development of fetus
Produce milk for the nourishment of a baby after birth

12. 3. Discuss changes in the reproductive system due to aging
Define the following term: menopause the end of menstruation; occurs when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 months.

13. 3. Discuss changes in the reproductive system due to aging
Normal changes of aging in the male reproductive system include the following:
Prostate gland enlarges.
Number and capability of sperm decreases.
Sexual response delays; it may take longer to achieve an erection and to reach orgasm.

14. 3. Discuss changes in the reproductive system due to aging
Normal changes of aging in the female reproductive system include the following:
Menopause occurs 12 months after a woman’s last menstrual period and ends the ability to reproduce.
Decrease in production of estrogen and progesterone leads to a loss of calcium, causing brittle bones, and, potentially, osteoporosis.
Decrease in estrogen makes females more prone to urinary tract infections.
Vaginal walls become drier and thinner.

15. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Define the following term: sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) infections caused by sexual contact with infected people; signs and symptoms are not always apparent.

16. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Know these points about sexually-transmitted infections (STIs):
Transmitted through sexual contact, via needles, or through childbirth or breastfeeding
Transmission of some can be reduced or stopped by using latex condoms.

17. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Define the following term: chlamydia a sexually-transmitted infection caused by bacteria.

18. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Know these points about chlamydia:
Cause: bacteria
Symptoms: burning with urination, discharge from the penis or vagina, swelling of the testes, painful intercourse, abdominal and low back pain
In many cases, no symptoms are apparent.
May cause infertility or pelvic inflammatory disease
Treatment: antibiotics

19. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Define the following term: genital herpes a sexually-transmitted, incurable infection caused by herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2).

20. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Know these points about genital herpes:
Cause: herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2)
Cannot be cured
Symptoms: itching, painful red blisters or open sores, burning sensation during urination or intercourse, fever, headache, muscle aches
Infection can be spread even when sores are not present.
Treatment: anti-viral medications to lessen frequency of episodes

21. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Define the following term: genital HPV infection a sexually-transmitted infection caused by human papillomavirus.

22. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Know these points about genital HPV infection:
Cause: human papillomavirus (HPV)
Infects genital area of both men and women
May have no signs or symptoms
Symptoms: abnormal pap test, genital warts
Treatment: removal of warts, medication
Vaccine licensed by FDA is available.

23. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Define the following term: gonorrhea a sexually-transmitted infection caused by bacteria.

24. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Know these points about gonorrhea:
Cause: bacteria
Easier to detect in men than women
Symptoms: painful or burning urination; white, yellow, or green cloudy pus-like discharge from penis; swollen testes; cloudy vaginal discharge; vaginal bleeding; rectal itching, soreness; painful elimination of stool
Treatment: antibiotics

25. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Define the following term: syphilis a sexually-transmitted infection caused by bacteria.

26. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Know these points about syphilis:
Cause: bacteria
Easier to detect in men than women
Symptoms: chancres, rashes, headache, fever, sore throat, weight loss, muscle aches
Infection can spread to the heart, brain and other vital organs.
Can be fatal
Treatment: antibiotics

27. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Define the following term: trichomoniasis a sexually-transmitted infection caused by protozoa (single-celled animals).

28. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Know these points about trichomoniasis:
Cause: protozoa
May have no symptoms in men
Symptoms in men: mild discharge, irritation, burning sensation after urination or ejaculation
Symptoms in women: green-yellow vaginal discharge with strong odor, irritation, itching
Treatment: metronidazole

29. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Define the following term: vaginitis an inflammation of the vagina.

30. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Know these points about vaginitis:
Cause: overgrowth of normal bacteria inside the vagina, overproduction of fungus, lower estrogen levels post-menopause, irritation, or an allergic reaction
Symptoms: vaginal discharge, itching, and pain
Treatment: creams, suppositories, antibiotics, and estrogen supplements

31. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Define the following terms: ovarian cancer a form of female reproductive cancer that begins in the ovaries. endometrial cancer a form of female reproductive cancer that begins in the uterus. cervical cancer a form of female reproductive cancer that begins in the cervix.

32. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Know these points about female reproductive cancers:
Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries. Symptoms are not always apparent. There is no definitive screening test for ovarian cancer. Pelvic examinations and ultrasound testing help diagnose this type of cancer. Treatment includes surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
Endometrial cancer begins in the uterus. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain. Pelvic examinations and ultrasounds are used to diagnose this type of cancer. If detected early, endometrial cancer is highly curable by removing the uterus.

33. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Female reproductive cancers (cont'd):
Cervical cancer begins in the cervix. Symptoms are not always apparent, but include vaginal bleeding, change in menstrual cycles, painful intercourse, and blood-tinged vaginal discharge. Pap tests, scopes, and biopsies are tests that check for cervical cancer. A vaccine for cervical cancer is available for younger women. If detected early, cervical cancer is curable.

34. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Define the following term: benign prostatic hypertrophy a disorder that can occur in men as they age, in which the prostate becomes enlarged and causes problems with urination and/or emptying the bladder.

35. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Know these points about benign prostatic hypertrophy:
Common in men over the age of 60
Cause: enlarged prostate causes pressure on urethra, making urination difficult.
Symptoms: feeling of incomplete urination, frequent urination, weak stream of urine, dribbling, need to urinate often at night, incontinence
Treatment: medication and surgery

36. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Define the following terms: prostate cancer a form of male reproductive cancer that begins in the prostate gland. testicular cancer a form of male reproductive cancer that begins in the testes.

37. 4. Discuss common disorders of the reproductive system
Know these points about male reproductive cancers:
Prostate cancer forms in the prostate gland, normally in older men. Symptoms of prostate cancer are urinating during the night, a weak flow of urine, painful urination, blood in urine, and problems with maintaining an erection. This type of cancer tends to be slow-growing and treatable, if caught early. Treatment includes removal of the prostate, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy.
Testicular cancer occurs in the testes. Symptoms include a noticeable lump in the testes, pain in the testicles, breast tenderness, and an ache in the groin. Testicular cancer is highly curable. Treatment includes surgical removal of the testes, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

38. 5. Describe sexual needs of the elderly
REMEMBER: Sexual needs continue throughout a person’s life. All people, regardless of age, have sexual needs and desires. Nursing assistants can help by providing privacy for sexual activity whenever necessary and by respecting their residents’ sexual needs.

39. 5. Describe sexual needs of the elderly
Remember these points about sexual needs:
Sexual needs continue throughout a person’s life.
The ability to engage in sexual activities continues unless a disease or injury occurs.
NAs can help by providing privacy and respecting residents’ sexual needs.

40. 5. Describe sexual needs of the elderly
Define the following term: erectile dysfunction (ED) the inability to have or maintain a penile erection.

41. 5. Describe sexual needs of the elderly
These factors may affect sexual activity in the elderly:
Illness affecting ability to perform sexually
Erectile dysfunction
Vaginal atrophy, pain and dryness
Fear of inadequate performance
Depression
Lack of privacy
Medications

42. 5. Describe sexual needs of the elderly
REMEMBER: Residents are sexual beings, like all adults, and have the right to choose how they express their sexuality. Respect for the dignity and privacy of residents is part of a nursing assistant’s job.

43. Exam 1
Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer. 1. The male and female sexual reproductive glands are called (A) Gonads (B) Hormones (C) Cowper’s glands (D) Fallopian tubes 2. Which of the following is a function of the female reproductive system? (A) Manufacturing ova, estrogen and progesterone (B) Manufacturing testosterone (C) Manufacturing sperm (D) Manufacturing insulin

44. Exam 1 (cont'd)
3. Which of the following is a normal age-related change for the male reproductive system? (A) The prostate gland shrinks. (B) Number and capability of sperm decreases. (C) Sexual response is faster. (D) Menopause begins. 4. Which of the following is a normal age-related change for the female reproductive system? (A) Lung capability increases. (B) The response to vaccines decreases. (C) The amount of calcium in the body increases. (D) Vaginal walls become drier and thinner.

45. Exam 1 (cont'd)
5. Sexually-transmitted infections are caused by sexual contact with an infected person. Sexual contact includes which of the following? (A) Mouth-to-mouth kissing (B) Contact of hands with the breasts (C) Holding hands (D) Contact of the mouth with the genitals 6. A person with ______ cannot be treated with antibiotics or cured, and may have repeated outbreaks of the disease for the rest of his or her life. (A) Chlamydia (B) Genital herpes (C) Gonorrhea (D) Syphilis

46. Exam 1 (cont'd)
7. A man with benign prostatic hypertrophy may have difficulty with (A) Walking (B) Reproducing (C) Urinating (D) Ejaculating 8. Which of the following is true of sexual needs in the elderly? (A) As a person ages, he or she completely loses interest in sex. (B) Impotence is a normal change of aging. (C) Vaginal dryness cannot be treated. (D) Lack of privacy in a facility can affect sexual activity.

47. Exam 1 (cont'd)
9. If a nursing assistant encounters any sexual situation between two consenting adult residents, she should (A) Ask the residents to stop (B) Tell the residents how cute they are (C) Provide privacy and leave the area (D) Tell the residents’ friends and families what she saw 10. When does menopause occur in females? (A) 12 months after a woman’s last menstrual period (B) Once a woman has reached 60 years of age (C) When a woman decides that she does not want children (D) 3 months after giving birth

48. Exam 2
Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer. 1. One primary responsibility for a nursing assistant helping with a gynecologic examination is to (A) Allow other staff to observe the gynecologic examination (B) Tell the resident the examination will be over in minutes (C) Make sure privacy is provided throughout the examination (D) Let the resident know when the doctor has made a diagnosis 2. ____________ is a disorder in which the prostate becomes enlarged and causes problems with urination. (A) Genital herpes (B) Erectile dysfunction (C) Prostate cancer (D) Benign prostatic hypertrophy

49. Exam 2 (cont’d)
3. Which condition signifies the end of the female’s ability to reproduce? (A) Menopause (B) Menarche (C) Micturition (D) Masturbation 4. Testicular cancer is a form of cancer that (A) Begins within the ovaries (B) Is a common form of cancer in younger men (C) Is similar to chlamydia (D) Can only be detected by an exam given by doctor

50. Exam 2 (cont’d)
5. Which type of sexually-transmitted infection is caused by a protozoa (single-cell animal)? (A) HPV infection (B) Genital herpes (C) Syphilis (D) Trichomoniasis 6. Erectile dysfunction is (A) A normal change of aging (B) Treated with medication (C) Incurable (D) An inflammation of the testes

51. Exam 2 (cont’d)
7. What is a function of the male reproductive system? (A) To manufacture testosterone (B) To manufacture progesterone (C) To manufacture ova (D) To manufacture estrogen 8. What substances control certain human body functions, such as the ability to reproduce? (A) Electrolytes (B) Hormones (C) Vitamins (D) Minerals

52. Exam 2 (cont’d)
9. One function of the female reproductive system is to (A) Manufacture sperm (B) Produce urine (C) Manufacture lymph (D) Produce milk to nourish a baby 10. What is a symptom of syphilis? (A) Green-yellow discharge (B) Yellow or white discharge (C) Small painless sores (D) Warts on the genitals

53. Exam 2 (cont’d)
11. _____________ is a sexually-transmitted infection that include symptoms such as itching, swollen testes, or vaginal bleeding. (A) Gonorrhea (B) Vaginitis (C) Chlamydia (D) Trichomoniasis 12. A form of cancer that begins in the uterus is called (A) Cervical cancer (B) Ovarian cancer (C) Testicular cancer (D) Endometrial cancer

54. Exam 2 (cont’d)
13. The risk of prostate cancer increases when a man is over the age of (A) 40 (B) 70 (C) 60 (D) An ovum will die if it is not fertilized by a sperm within (A) 2 to 4 hours (B) 10 to 12 hours (C) 36 to 48 hours (D) 24 to 48 hours

55. Exam 2 (cont’d)
15. A yeast infection is a type of vaginitis that is caused by a fungus known as (A) Staphylococcus (B) Pseudomonas (C) Candida albicans (D) Streptococcus