1. Law of the Sea

2. Resources
- Mineral Resources
- Oil
- Gas
- Fish
- Renewable Energies
Environment
- Pollution
- Dumping
- Special Protected Areas
Transport
- Navigation
- Cables
- Pipelines

3. Law of the Sea Conventions
- Covention on the Territorial Sea and the Contigious Zone
- Convention on the High Seas
- Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982

4. Jurisdictional Zones in the Law of the Sea
Internal Waters
Territorial Sea
Contiguous Zone
Exclusive Economic Zone
Continental Shelf
High Seas
The International Seabed

7. Areas of the Continental Margin more than 200 sm from the baselines

8. Constructing Baselines
The Normal Rule
‚...the normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low-water line along the coast as shown by the appropriate symmbols on charts officialy recognized by the coastal state‘ (LOSC Art. 5)
General Rule: coastal stages exercise the greatest degree of jurisdictional competence over those zones that lie closest to them
Straight Baselines
Drawn not from the low water line but from a series of artificial lines

10. Jurisdictional Zones II
Internal Waters
flows automatically from sovereignty exercised over land territory
Territorial Sea (up to 12 seamiles)
full sovereignty except for rights of innocent passage
Contiguous Zone (up to 24 seamiles)
territory outside the territorial sea where coastal states may exercise the control necessary to punish or prevent infringements of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulation within its territory or territorial sea

11. Jurisdictional Zones III
Exclusive Economic Zone/Continental Shelf
- Coastal States can establish a 200-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)/a claim for a continental shelf is not necessary
- The Coastal state have the right for the use of the living and non-living natural resources, to use the EEZ and the continental shelf for other economic purposes and the right to construct, authorize and regulate the construction of artificial islands and certain installations and structures
- in EEZs , all states have freedom of navigation and overflight , as well as freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines

12. Legal Definition of Continental Shelf (based on Art. 76 LOSC)
Continental Shelf extends to:
200 miles from the baselines or
to the outer edge of the continental margin … whichever is further

13. Exclusive Economic Zones

15. Fish Internal Waters/Territorial Sea:
Exclusive Rights for the Coast State
Exclusive Economic Zone:
Special Management System (Art. 61/ Art. 62 LOSC)

16. Navigation Internal Waters Territorial Sea Exclusive Economic Zone
Exclusive Right of Coastal State to define rights for navigation
Territorial Sea
Right for innocent passage of foreign ships; Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal state (Art. 19 LOSC)
Exclusive Economic Zone
freedom of navigation (Art. 58 (1), Art. 87 LOSC)

17. Oil/Gas/Mineral Resources
Internal Waters/Territorial Sea:
Exclusive Rights for Exploitation
Exclusive Economic Zone
but: no right of exploitation if conflicting with recognised sea lanes

18. Cables/Pipelines Internal Waters/Territorial Sea
Exclusive Jurisdiction of Coastal State
Exclusive Economic Zone
all States enjoy freedom of laying submarine cables and pipelines
but: delineation of the course of the laying of a pipeline is subject of the consent of the coastal state (Art. 79 (3) LOSC)
and coastal state may lay down conditions for cables and pipelines entering its territorial sea

19. Renewable Energies (Installations)
Internal Waters/Territorial Sea:
Exclusive Right of Coastal State to build installations and artificial islands
Exclusive Economic Zone
Exclusive Right of Coastal State to build Installations and artificial islands for economic use (including renewable resources) (Art. 60 LOSC)
but: right for other states to build installation necessary for pipelines
and no right to build installations and artificial islands if conflicting with recognised sea lanes

37. Islands and EEZ
“rocks which can not sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf”
(Art. 123 (3) LOSC)

41. Archipelago
A State ‘constituted wholly by one or more archipelagoes and other islands, where an archipelago is itself defined as a group of islands or parts of islands, and their interconnection waters which are so closely interconnected as to form, or to be regarded as forming an intrinsic entity

42. Other conditions for an archipelago
Must link main islands of the group
Must follow general configuration of the island grouping
Most important: ratio of water to land within the baselines must be not less than 1:1 and not more than 9:1

43. Examples:
Philippines
Indonesia
Fiji
Japan UK

46. Right of transit passage in straits used for international navigation
applies generally to all straits connecting high seas or EEZs with other areas of high seas or EEZs which are used for international navigation (Art. 37 LOSC)
Ships shall
proceed without delay
refrain from any force or threat of force against the coast state
pass the strait in the normal mode of continuous and expeditious transit (Art. 39 LOSC)

48.                                                                                  
    Galerie/Gallery

49. High Seas Waters beyond territorial sea which is free for use by all
Flag State jurisdiction
Exceptions to the flag state jurisdiction
Visit
Piracy
Hot pursuit
Broadcasting
Slavery
Drugs trafficking

51. IF Bay area > Area of semi-cirlce
24 miles
Area of semicircle
IF Bay area > Area of semi-cirlce
Then, it is a bay

52. Bays Two stage definition:
Stage 1: distance between the ‘natural entrance points’ of a bay is measured and a semi-circle is drawn along a line of a that length. The area of the semi-circle is then compared to the area of water found landward. If the are of the semi-circle is less than that of the area of water, than it is a bay.
Stage 2: If the distance between the entrance points is less than 24 miles, it may be drawn between them. Otherwise, the closing line can be drawn ‘within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of that length.