1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Evidence-Based Approach to Treatment With a Focus on Anticholinergic Bronchodilation 
Nicholas J. Gross, MD, PhD 
Mayo Clinic Proceedings 
Volume 83, Issue 11, Pages (November 2008)
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2. FIGURE 1
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at various stages from mild (forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration [FEV1] ≥80% predicted) to very severe (FEV1 <30% predicted or <50% plus chronic respiratory failure) disease. FVC = forced vital capacity. From Am J Respir Crit Care Med,4 with permission.
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3. FIGURE 2
The proposed 3-step algorithm (1, 2, and 3; bold arrows) for treating mild, moderate, and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. GOLD = Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Adapted from Chest,23 with permission from the American College of Chest Physicians.
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4. FIGURE 3
Effects of tiotropium and formoterol plus tiotropium on mean forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (FEV1). From Eur Respir J,37 with permission from The European Respiratory Society.
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