1. Tuesday 4/30/2015 New Deal and WWII
APUSH REVIEW SESSION #16
Tuesday 4/30/2015
New Deal and WWII

2. The Great Depression
1920s optimism drove an increase in expectations of continual improvement
Stock market collapsed, factories closed, unemployment went up, optimism shattered

3. The Great Crash
1928: Soaring stock prices attracted individual and corporate investment
1929: Stock market crashed
Directly affected 3 million
Credit crunch stifled business
Businesses laid off workers
Demand for consumer goods declined

4. Unemployment, 1929–1942

5. Effects of the Depression
Hardship affected all classes
The middle class lost belief in ever-increasing prosperity
Thousands of young homeless, jobless
Hoovervilles

6. Hoover and Voluntarism
Hoover initially sought solution through voluntary action, private charity
Eventually aided farmers with Farm Board to buy surpluses and bankers with loans through Reconstruction Finance Corporation

7. Hoover and Voluntarism
Bonus Army March for WWI Benefits and General MacArthur
Resisted Democratic efforts to give direct aid to the unemployed
Perceived as indifferent to human suffering

8. Bank Failures, 1929–1933

9. The Hundred Days
FDR inaugural inspired with the term “nothing to fear but fear itself”
Banking system saved from collapse
Fifteen major laws provided relief
Tennessee Valley Authority was the most ambitious one
New Deal aimed to reform and restore, not nationalize, the economy

10. Roosevelt and Recovery
National Recovery Administration
Industries formulated codes to eliminate cutthroat competition, ensure labor peace
Codes favored big business, unenforceable
1935: NRA ruled unconstitutional

11. Roosevelt and Recovery
Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
Farmers paid to take land out of cultivation
Prices increased, mainly because of government payments, but Dust Bowl helped by cutting supply
Sharecroppers, tenant farmers dispossessed

12. Challenges to FDR
Father Charles Coughlin advocated nationalizing banks, anti-Semitism
Francis Townsend called for $200 per month pensions to all those over 60 if they spent it within the month
Huey Long and the Share the Wealth Clubs called for redistribution of wealth by seizing private fortunes

13. Social Security 1935: Social Security Act passed Criticisms:
Too few people would collect pensions
Unemployment package inadequate
Established pattern of government aid to poor, aged, handicapped

14. Impact of the New Deal
Had a broad influence on the quality of life in the U.S. in the 1930s
Helped labor unions most
Helped women, minorities least

15. Women at Work Position of women deteriorated in the ‘30s
Jobs lost at a faster rate than men
Hardly any New Deal programs help
Progress in government
Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor, the first woman cabinet member
Women appointed to several other posts
Eleanor Roosevelt a model for activism

16. The Supreme Court Fight
Supreme Court blocked several of FDR’s first-term programs
1937: FDR sought right to “pack” Court
Congressional protest forced retreat
FDR’s opponents emboldened

19. The New Deal in Decline 1936: Cutbacks for relief agencies
1937: Severe slump hit economy
Roosevelt blamed, resorted to huge government spending
1938: Republican party revived

20. The New Deal and American Life
New Deal’s limitations:
Depression not ended
Economic system not fundamentally altered
Little done for those without political clout
Achievements:
Social Security, the Wagner Act
Political realignment of the 1930s

21. Cooperation in Latin America
Coolidge, Hoover, FDR substituted cooperation for military coercion
FDR’s “Good Neighbor” policy renounced past imperialism
U.S. continued political, economic domination of Latin America

22. Rivalry in Asia: Washington Conference of 1921
England agreed to U.S. naval equality
Japan accepted as third largest naval power
All nations agreed to limit naval construction

23. The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality
Most Americans resolved against another meaningless war
1935: Senator Gerald Nye led passage of neutrality legislation
U.S. trade with nations at war prohibited
U.S. loans to nations at war prohibited
1937: Japan invaded China
FDR permitted sale of arms to China

24. War in Europe FDR approved appeasement of Hitler
1938: Hitler seized Czechoslovakia
FDR attempted to revise the neutrality acts, to give edge to England, France
July, 1939: FDR attacked neutrality acts
September, 1939: World War II began, Roosevelt declared the acts in force
Lft off hre

25. The Road to War U.S. remained at peace 1939–1941
Popular sympathy for Allies, distaste for Germany and Japan
Roosevelt openly expressed favor for Allies, moved cautiously to avoid outcry from isolationists

26. From Neutrality to Undeclared War
1939–1941: FDR sought help for England without actually entering the war
November, 1939: Belligerents may buy U.S. goods on “cash and carry” basis
1940: German occupation of France
America First forms to protest drift toward war
White Committee wanted to aid Britain

27. From Neutrality to Undeclared War: Increased Aid to England
U.S. greatly increased military spending and began a first-ever peacetime draft
U.S. ships transported war supplies
Eventual consensus that a Nazi victory in Europe would threaten western civilization
Lend Lease
U.S. Navy told to shoot submarines on sight

28. Lend Lease

29. Showdown in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor
1941: U.S.–Japanese negotiations
Japan’s demands
Free hand in China
Restoration of normal trade relations
U.S. demanded Japanese troops out of China
December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor attacked
December 8: War declared

30. Turning the Tide Against the Axis
December, 1941: Axis on the offensive
Hitler invades Russia, going against Non aggression Pact –Operation Barbarossa
1942–1943: U.S., England, Russia fought to seize the initiative
1944–1945: Offensive to crush Axis

31. American Propaganda

32. The Home Front War ended depression Economy geared for military output
Automobile factories converted to tank and airplane production
Women moved into the workplace
Demographic shift

33. The Arsenal of Democracy
American factories turned out twice as many goods as German and Japanese factories
Scarce goods rationed
Income of lowest-paid laborers increased faster than the rich

34. The Arsenal of Democracy
Income taxes started to affect many more people and system of payroll deduction occurred
High savings rate laid basis for postwar prosperity

35. A Nation on the Move Wartime migration South and West
Early marriages, increased birth rates
Family-related social problems
Housing shortages
More divorces
Neglected children

36. A Nation on the Move: Improving Conditions
Women’s income increased 50%
Mexican Americans took urban factory jobs

37. A Nation on the Move: Japanese Internment
120,000 Japanese moved from the West Coast to detention camps
1944: Supreme Court rejected appeal for release
1988: Congress voted indemnity of $1.2 billion for survivors

38. Japanese Internment

39. Victory June 6, 1944: Normandy Invasion
April 25, 1945: U.S., Russian forces met at Torgau
May 7, 1945: Unconditional German surrender

40. War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy
Yalta Conference February, 1945
Agreement let Soviets control elections in Eastern Europe
Soviets agreed to enter war against Japan 3 months after Germany surrendered
April 12, 1945: Death of FDR

41. Triumph and Tragedy in the Pacific
Manhattan Project offered way to crush Japan without invasion
August 6: Atom bomb destroyed Hiroshima
August 9: Atom bomb destroyed Nagasaki
August 14: Japan surrenders

42. The Transforming Power of War
U.S. the most powerful nation on earth
Unprecedented economic prosperity
Federal government a permanent force in daily life