1. Fall of the Ottoman Empire and Conflict in SW Asia

2. Standard SS7G8
The student will analyze continuity and change in Southwest Asia leading into the 21st Century.

3. Elements
Explain how European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to regional conflict.
Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connection to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism and Zionism in Europe.

4. Elements
Describe how land and religion are reasons for continuing conflicts in the Middle East.
Explain U.S. presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict and invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.

5. Warm Up & Review What is a theocracy? Explain the idea of toleration.
Why is owing money bad?
List two things that happened in World War I.
What is the difference between an ethnic group and a religious group?
What are the two divisions of Islam?

6. Muslim Empires Leader – Caliph Theocracy Duty to spread Allah’s rule
United Middle East under one government
Created extensive trading system
Theocracy
Government by a religious leader
Iran is a theocracy (-ish) today.

7. Ottoman Empire’s Lands

8. Ottoman Empire
Turkey, North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Southeast Europe
Capital City – Constantinople
Leaders – Sultans
Tolerant of other religions
Legal system – justice
Powerful, stable, wealthy empire

9. Reasons for the Decline of Ottoman Empire
Weakened by too many wars
Land lost to national groups (nationalism) and Europeans
Ottomans’ technology began to fall behind
Europe
Financial issues – tax collections – high debt
On losing side in World War I

10. Ottoman Empire & WWI
What’s left of the Ottoman Empire enters WWI ( ) on Austrian-Hungarian Empire & Germany’s side (Central Powers)
motive was to regain some of the land they lost
In 1916, France and England agreed on how to divide up the Ottoman Empire if their side (Allied Powers) won the war: known as Sykes-Picot Agreement

11. Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

12. Map of Lost Ottoman Land

13. Results of WWI & Partitioning
When the Ottomans and the rest of the Central Powers lost…
The Sultanate (1922) and the Caliphate (1924) ended
Republic of Turkey was created out of the Ottoman Empire 1923
All other land that was under the control of the Ottomans was given to France and UK as a mandate
British and French partitioned (divided) the Middle East into countries
THIS CREATES ARTIFICIAL POLITICAL BORDERS
DID NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE NATURAL DIVISIONS IN THE REGION – BLENDED GROUPS

14. Collapse of Ottoman Empire 1924
Created lack of central authority
European nations step in to establish order
Set boundaries which exist today
Boundaries did not reflect ethnic or natural divisions
Blended different groups
Source of future conflict in region and in Europe

15. Middle East

16. Assessment European World War I Islam Theocracy Constantinople Sultan
Capital of Ottoman Empire
War which ended the Ottoman Empire
Religion of most people in Ottoman Empire
Rule by religious people
Name for Ottoman rulers
Nations which established order after Ottoman Empire
European
World War I
Islam
Theocracy
Constantinople
Sultan

17. Israel Becomes a State -1948
After winning World War II, Allied leaders desire state for Jews
Zionists – support state for European Jews
Holocaust – Six million Jewish people killed in Europe because of Anti-Semitism
European leaders decide to give Jews their traditional homeland in Palestine

19. Israel
United States gives immediate support & recognition to the new Jewish state.
Palestinian Arabs who lived in the area were opposed to the new state.

20. Suez Crisis
Egypt takes over the Suez Canal to raise money for a dam on the Nile River.
Israel invades Egypt with British and French support.
Egypt sinks 40 ships in Suez Canal.
United Nations resolves conflict.

21. Six Day War - 1967 Arab nations move troops to the border of Israel.
Israel strikes quickly with U.S. weapons.
Israel captures…
Sinai from Egypt
West Bank from Jordan
Golan Heights from Syria

22. Arab Israeli War 1973 Cause: Revenge for loss of land in 1967.
Arab nations mass forces on borders of Israel.
Israel defeats all attacks
Result: Arabs (OPEC) embargo oil to U.S and Europe.

23. Camp David Accords 1978
President Carter brings leaders of Israel and Egypt to Washington D.C. where peace accord is signed.
President Sadat is assassinated soon after in Egypt.

24. Iran Hostage Crisis 1979
Cause – Shah of Iran is helped by U.S. which is an ally
Effect – Iran militants seize U.S. Embassy
Released after U.S. election of Ronald Reagan

25. IraN–IraQ War 1980 to 1988 Iraq attacks Iran
Iraq desires to be #1 power in Persian Gulf
Religious differences
World War I tactics
500,000 dead
No change in borders

26. Persian Gulf War - 1990 Cause – Iraq invades Kuwait
Saddam Hussein – dictator in Iraq
Coalition invades but does not remove Hussein from office.
Oil fields set on fire.

27. Iraq 2003 - 2011 President Bush Weapons of mass destruction? Terrorism
Saddam Hussein - harsh dictator is captured
4,476 American soldiers lost lives
1600 non-combat U.S. soldiers are returning to advise Iraqi and Kurdish troops fighting ISIS

28. Afghanistan 2001-Present
U.S. and Europeans are at war with terrorism, not the Afghan people.
Operation Enduring Freedom (10/7/01)
1787 Americans lost
Found and killed Bin Laden