1. Identifying and Treating COPD in Cardiac Patients
Carlo Nozzoli, MD, Bianca Beghè, MD, PhD, Piera Boschetto, MD, PhD, Leonardo M. Fabbri, MD, FCCP 
CHEST 
Volume 144, Issue 3, Pages (September 2013)
DOI: /chest
Copyright © 2013 The American College of Chest Physicians Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Aging is characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammatory status, the so-called “inflamm-aging” that is believed to represent the underlying biologic mechanism responsible for physical function decline in the elderly and the simultaneous development of concomitant chronic diseases, particularly atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and COPD. Concomitant chronic diseases are often unrecognized and should be actively searched and treated. ICAM = intercellular adhesion molecule; IFN = interferon; IGF = insulin-like growth factor; IL = interleukin; IL-1Ra = interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; LTA = leukotriene A; MCP = monocyte chemoattractant protein; RANTES = regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; TNF = tumor necrosis factor.
(Reprinted with permission from De Martinis et al.25)
CHEST  , DOI: ( /chest )
Copyright © 2013 The American College of Chest Physicians Terms and Conditions