1. Evolution: Change Over Time

2. Evolution: _________________ in the _________ ____________________________.
There are two kinds of evolution:

3. ________: _________________ to another new species
________: _________________ to another new species. In this theory, there are ____________________ of the species. Example: horses

4. _______________________: _____________ ___________________ of just a few genes in __________________________.
Examples: anti-biotic resistant bacteria, Viruses/Colds, Flu

5. Populations can have ____________
_____________: the appearance of an __________________ that makes an individual different from other members of the same species

6. Adaptation
An ________________ is a feature that is common in a _____________ because it provides some _______________ and are produced by ________________________.
Bats usually feed by catching insects at night. Bats locate insects by giving off high-frequency sounds as they fly. These sounds bounce off insects and return to the bat. Echolocation in bats is an adaptation for catching insects.

7. Camouflage & Mimicry
Allows organisms to _________________ ________________ in order to ________ ____________________________

8. Camouflage A floral mantid on a flower.
a narrow-headed frog native to Madagascar. The frog's brown and yellow coloring, as well as its rough texture, allow it to blend in with the mud and tree trunks in its environment
Camouflage
A floral mantid on a flower.

9. John Baptiste de Lamarck
Hypothesized that __________________ _____________ and that ______________ ___________________ from the species.
_____________________
Inheritance of acquired characteristics

10. Charles Darwin
Hypothesized that individuals _______________ _________________ survived and passed on these traits to their offspring.
Also known as the ______________________________ ______________________________”. (means that only organisms with the _____________________________ __________________ are more likely to survive. …and therefore pass on those traits)

11. Darwin’s Voyage

13. —Charles Darwin from "The Origin of Species"
I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection.
  —Charles Darwin from "The Origin of Species"

14. Publishes
“______________” presented later in 1858 (32 years after then end of his voyage) and published 1st in 1859

15. Observation 1 Species have ____ _______________ _______________
Populations would _______________ _______________ if all individuals survived and reproduced

16. Observation 2
But populations ______________ _____________, except for seasonal fluctuations

17. Observation 3
Environmental _______________ _______________

18. Observation 4
Individuals in a population ____ _____________

19. Observation 5
Much of this _______________ _______________
Fig 1.3b

20. 1) Organisms ____________________________ ________________________________________
2) _____________________ among individuals of a species.
3) Some variations enable members of a population to survive and reproduce better than others. ____________________ ___________________________
4) Over time, offspring of individuals with ________________________________________ ________________________________________.

22. Natural Selection . There is __________ in traits.
Evolution by ________________ as an outcome.

23. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION ________________ ANATOMY
____________________ STRUCTURES
____________________ STRUCTURE
____________________
BIOCHEMISTRY

24. Evidences behind this theory
Fossils—any _________________ from an earlier time and the most abundant evidence for evolution
_________________________ contains the most fossils and is formed from mud, sand, and other fine particles

25. Formation of a Fossil
Dead organisms are buried by layers of sediment, which forms new rock.
The preserved remains may later be discovered and studied.
Water carries small rock particles to lakes and seas.

26. _______________ —looking at where the rock is located
_______________ —looking at where the rock is located. ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________. This method only provides an ___________ age of a fossil.

27. __________________________ —measuring how a radioactive element in the fossil (like Carbon or Uranium) has decayed.

28. Prehistoric termites trapped in amber
Lizard in Amber
Frog in Amber

29. Homologous Structures —body parts that are _____________________ __________________________________.
Example: arms, dolphin fin, bat wing, bird wing

30. ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

31. Vestigial Structures —a body part that is ___________________________________________________________.
Examples: human appendix, wisdom teeth and muscles that are for moving the ears.

32. Pelvic Bones in Whales

33. Embryology —study of the ________________ ________________ (an organism in its earliest stages of development).
Examples: gills
and tailbones
in humans
               

34. What similarities do you see between these embryos?

35. __________________ —the closer the DNA sequences are in organisms, the more closely related they are.
Example: DNA has shown that dogs are the closest relatives of bears. Human’s closest relatives are from the ape family.
Cousins?

36. Example: Humans are most closely related (99.9%) to _________________.

37. Artificial Selection
The process of intentional or unintentional _________________________ ________________________ which encourage the breeding of certain traits over others
Also known as _________ ________________________

38. Artificial Selection
Examples: ________
___________________

40. The Case of the Peppered Moths
______________________
Pollution darkened tree trunks
Camouflage of moths increases survival from predators
______________________ caused a shift away from _________________ ______________________ ______________________

41. Modes of Natural Selection

42. Types of Selection: Directional
_________________
Shift in allele frequency in a ______ __________________

43. Types of Selection: Stabilizing
______________________________
________________ ________________
Alleles that specify ________________ ________________ from a population

44. Types of Selection: Disruptive
____________________________
Both forms at _______________ _______________
Intermediate forms are ____________

45. SPECIATION
_____________ ISOLATION

46. Original Population Descendants Founding Population A
Founding Population B

47. MECHANISMS FOR EVOLUTION
_____________
GENETIC DRIFT
_____________ _____________

48. Endosymbiotic Theory Plants and plantlike protists Aerobic bacteria
Chloroplast
Ancient Prokaryotes
Nuclear envelope evolving
Photosynthetic bacteria
Mitochondrion
Primitive Photosynthetic Eukaryote
Ancient Anaerobic Prokaryote
Primitive Aerobic Eukaryote
Animals, fungi, and non-plantlike protists