1. China – Then and Now

2. Silk The Chinese invented the method to make silk cloth by 2700 BC.
China kept the method of silk making a secret for centuries.
China made a vast amount
of money trading silk
with Europe and the
rest of Asia.

3. Trade between China and Europe Ends
In 1424, China’s emperor decided that foreign trade was too expensive.
The rest of the world seemed to demand China’s products more than China sought theirs.
The emperor and his advisors agreed that the nation's money should go to strengthening the military rather than to finance commercial voyages.
China entered a 400 year period of isolation from the rest of the world.
Private traders continued to trade, but China stopped financing trade.

4. In the early 1800’s, China decided to
allow trade on a limited basis.
Europeans were only allowed to trade
in one city in China.
China intended to limit trade and protect
the Chinese people from what they
viewed as Europe’s negative influence.
The Canton System allowed Europeans
to bring new products to China
These products included squash, corn,
sweet potatoes and tobacco.
Both Chinese merchants and European traders got very rich.

5. The Opium War and Hong Kong
The Chinese smoked opium for hundreds of years before the Europeans arrived.
Opium is a drug made from poppy plants.
It is very strong and addictive.
Today, these same opium poppies are used to make drugs like morphine (an addictive pain killer) and heroin.
Originally, the Chinese used opium predominantly as a medicine.
However, as its use increased, many became addicted and used it as a “recreation drug” (drug just for getting high).
When Europeans arrived, they began shipping increased amounts of opium into the country.
More and more people became addicted.
Even after the Qing emperor outlaws the product,
British smugglers continued supplying it to
Chinese citizens.

6. In the 1840’s, Great Britain and China went to war over the opium trade.
Due to superior weapons, the British defeated the Chinese relatively easily.
Britain's victory in the Opium War meant the end of Europeans only trading in one city.
It also resulted in China having to lease the port city of Hong Kong to the British.

7. Hong Kong was an important center of trade in Eastern Asia.
Whoever controlled Hong Kong controlled much of the trade and wealth coming in and out of China.
Britain used its new power to impose trade policies that allowed British traders to grow rich while China made little money.
As Britain's influence increased and more opium arrived from India, China’s government grew
weaker and its people poorer.
Japan eventually surpassed China as
the most prosperous and modern
nation in Eastern Asia.

8. Effects of Unequal Treaties
The Chinese government now only existed on paper, not in reality
The foreigners could do anything they wanted to China as they only had to follow their own laws.
Foreign goods were now cheaper than Chinese goods were
During this time, China was not united,
and citizens were very poor.

9. Chiang Kai-shek Rules China
During the late 19th century and into the 20th century, China grew very unstable.
Poverty and starvation led to unrest among many of China’s peasants.
In 1912, a revolution replaced the emperor with a Chinese republic.
China was divided from 1916 to 1926 when Chiang Kai-shek took over and united most of China.
Chiang Kai-shek became leader of the Nationalist Party.
His only nemesis was Mao Zedong and the Communist Party.

10. Chiang Kai-shek Becomes President of Nationalist China, 1928

11. Nationalists vs. Communists
Chiang Kai-Shek Nationalist Wanted Market Economy
Mao Zedong
Communist
Wanted Command Economy

12. Tensions soon mounted between the Nationalists and Communists.
The Nationalists favored capitalism.
They wanted to allow private ownership of businesses, factories, and property.
The Communists wanted a command economy with land, property, and
businesses in the
hands of the state.
The Communists argued
that only such an
economy would ease
the suffering of
China’s poor rural
population.

13. In the early 1930s, Kai-shek and his Nationalists forced the Communists to retreat from eastern China into western China which was known as the long march.
130,000 Communists started on the long march of 5,000 miles and only 25,000 survived.
The Long March began the ascent to power of Mao Zedong, whose leadership during the retreat gained him the support of the members of the party.

14. Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary
(Mao Tse-tung)

15. Survivors of the March

16. Mao With His Children, 1930s

17. Civil War and the Success of the Communist Revolution
After World War II, The Nationalists and Communists tried to work together but in 1947 another civil war broke out.
Although the Communist were weaker militarily, they managed to win a huge victory over the Nationalists.
Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalists were forced to flee to Taiwan where the Nationalists still rule today.

18. The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949

19. Taiwan: The Republic of China

20. Jiang Jieshu ( )
(Chiang Kai-shek)

21. The People’s Republic of China

22. Reasons for the Communists’ Success against the Nationalists
Mao won support of peasants
Mao won support of women
Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics
Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt
Many felt that the Nationalists allowed foreigners to dominate China.

23. The Great Leap
Forward (or Backward?)

24. The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution
Once in power, Mao sought to modernize China.
He wanted to build industries and strengthen the country after decades of war.
In 1958, he launched the Great Leap Forward.
The Great Leap Forward was based on the communist ideal of every citizen working together for the good of the community and the state.
It involved thousands of Chinese citizens living together in communes.
They shared land for farming, worked together in factories, and tried to care for needs.
Unfortunately, the Great Leap Forward was a huge failure.
Floods, droughts, bad management, and corruption ruined China and left millions dying of starvation.
Eventually, the people returned to their small villages and town to work on government-owned land or in state-owned factories.

25. The Great
Proletarian
Cultural Revolution

26. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
This started in 1966 and turned China upside down
Thousands of people lost their lives during this time of chaos and violence
Due to the failed program of the Great Leap Forward, many people, especially the intellectuals, became opposed to Mao
So Mao decided to get rid of those who opposed him
He organized a group of young people into the “Red Guard”

27. A Campaign Against the “FOUR OLDS”
Old Thoughts
Old Culture
Old Customs
Old Habits
To Rebel Is Good!

28. Communist China Under Mao
Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society
Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place
Schools shut down – students revolted
Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers

29. Mao dispersed the Red Guard all over. the country where they violently
Mao dispersed the Red Guard all over the country where they violently attacked people and things that represented the old way
Also singled out for attack were writers, scholars, and scientist; they were sent to the boonies to do hard labor.
Schools and universities were closed for several years.
In 1968 Mao called an end to the Red Guard by sending them to help out on the farms.
Mao ended up with all his power back but it was a disaster for China’s economy, agriculture, and education.

30. A Red Guard

31. Red Guards March to Canton

32. A Cultural Revolution poster featuring Mao as the “never-setting sun.”
China under Mao
Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966 as a response to threats to his power from fellow CCP members.
The Cultural Revolution created chaos throughout China, creating violence and driving many people to suicide. When Mao was informed of this issue, he allegedly commented: “People who try to commit suicide—don't attempt to save them! …China is such a populous nation, it is not as if we cannot do without a few people. ”
Mao declared the Cultural Revolution finished in 1969, but most historians cite Mao’s death in 1976 as the true end of the Revolution.
A Cultural Revolution poster featuring Mao as the “never-setting sun.”

33. Beginnings of Cultural Revolution
What Mao taught…
Beginnings of Cultural Revolution
Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.
People, not weapons, are decisive in waging war.
The proletariat must forge military strategy and tactics which can bring into play its particular advantages, by unleashing and relying upon the initiative and enthusiasm of the revolutionary masses.
He insisted on the need to lead the masses in carrying out revolutionary transformations and to develop these politically, economically and culturally in the service of advancing revolutionary warfare.

34. Re-education
Re-education was demanded to intellectuals; who finished high school education or even lower school education.
They were usually sent to country side where they were educated to live as peasants or low class people.

35. Banned Items
Any books including Chinese, western or any Asian books that weren't about the communism and Mao Zedong
Nor any items that was linked or related to western culture.

36. Public Humiliation Trials
Pull hair
Force to drink water/ other liquids
Kneel in broken shards of glass
Have your alleged “crimes” called out to while kneeling in front of an audience
Public beating
Stoning
Hanging

37. The Little Red Book (1)
The Little Red Book also known as Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong (毛主席语录) has been published by the government of the People’s Republic of China since 1964.
It is a collection of quotations excerpted from Mao Zedong's past speeches and publications.
900 million copies of The Little Red Book has been sold, second only to the bible which has been around much longer.
It was essentially an unofficial requirement for every Chinese citizen to own, to read, and to carry it at all times during the Cultural Revolution. The punishment for failing to produce the book upon being asked would range from being beaten by Red Guards to being given years of hard-labor imprisonment.
Studying the book was required in schools, as well as at workplaces. Workplaces have specified reading sessions during working hours for workers to study the book.

38. Propaganda Poster

39. Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and into the thick of struggle! 1967-1972

40. Cultural Revolution Propaganda
The posters show political adversaries crushed by giant workers. The smiling image of Mao overshadows all, hovering above crowds carrying red flags and Little Red Books.
Hundreds of thousands of copies of posters were distributed.
Beat our common enemy -reformer like Liu Shao qi!
Mao was seen like a god
Mao is great and he says revolutionary committee is good!

42. Communist Government
and a
Capitalist Economy
Equals a "Mixed Economy"

43. Deng Xiaoping ( )

44. “The 4 Modernizations” Progress in:
De-Maoization
“The 4 Modernizations” Progress in:
Agriculture
Industry
Science
Defense

45. Tiananmen Square, 1989
More democracy!

46. Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University

47. Democracy—Our Common Ideal!
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Democracy—Our Common Ideal!

48. The “Goddess of Democracy”
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The “Goddess of Democracy”

49. The Massacre at Tiananmen Square
1. On June 3, 1989, the government of China sent in heavily armed troops and tanks into Tiananmen Square to clear away the student demonstrators
2. The students were there protesting for more political freedoms and democracy in the government.
3. The troops killed around 1,000 of the demonstrators
4. Though Deng allowed greater economic freedoms, there were never any political freedoms
5. Most of the protesters were students that had been educated in countries that were free so they wanted to bring that freedom to China

50. In the spring of 1989 student. began to congregate at
In the spring of 1989 student began to congregate at Tiananmen Square in Beijing which is the largest square in China
The students wanted greater freedom, and end to corruption
The government saw the protesters as a threat to their rule and threaten to strike at them but the students refused to go
The whole world watched all this on the news.

51. The Government Clamps Down
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Government Clamps Down

52. Tiananmen Square, 1989
One Lone Man’s Protest

53. The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In

54. The Massacre: A Human Body Crushed by an Army Tank
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Massacre: A Human Body Crushed by an Army Tank

55. The Army Looks for Dissidents
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Army Looks for Dissidents

56. Student Leaders Are Arrested
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student Leaders Are Arrested

57. The Reestablishment of Order
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Reestablishment of Order

58. Buddhism which believe what?
Communist governments officially do not allow religion for fear of rebellion.
Buddhism which believe what?
Christianity and Islam have many followers
Many times these religions are mixed with Confucianism

59. Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Lama in Beijing, 1954
Tibet --> an autonomous area.
Tibet revolts against Chinese Government.
Dalai Lama fled in the late 1950s to India.

60. China Today

61. Agriculture
More people work as farmers than any other job in China. With only 10% of their land being arable, they are still the leading producers of rice, corn, wheat and potatoes.

62. Economic Boom
China has seen a huge pay-off in allowing foreign investment and companies to enter the country.

63. Good Economics = ?
Many young farmers are moving to the cities to find work.
Increase in urbanization, and pollution.
Government still controls many aspects of peoples lives. Number of children, access to internet, newspapers, television.

64. China’s Environment
They burn coal to supply electricity trying to switch over to hydropower by building the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River. The dam will be the largest hydropower station and dam in the world, with a 1.2 mile stretch of concrete and a 370 mile-long reservoir. It will produce as much power as 15 coal burning plants.
With all of the building, the Chinese have been cutting their forest without planting new trees
Industrialization and urbanization is causing major pollution problems.

65. CHINA’S GOVERNMENT TODAY
Today, the Chinese government is still run by the Chinese Communist Party.
The National People’s Congress is elected every five years by a “vote” of the Chinese people
Chinese citizens over the age of 18 are eligible to vote; however, few candidates run for election if they are not approved by the Chinese Communist party.
The National People’s Congress chooses a president
and vice-president.
The president then chooses a premier who serves
the same five year term as the congress

66. China’s Government Continued
China’s government operates as an Oligarchy
Oligarchy – Power rests in the hands of just a few people.
The National People’s Congress makes all the decisions for China