1. 13 Prisons and Jails CHAPTER CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. A prison is a state or federal confinement facility that has
Prisons
A prison is a state or federal
confinement facility that has
custodial authority over adults
sentenced to confinement.
The use of prisons as a place to
serve punishment is a relatively
new way to handle offenders.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. **European Background**
Historically, institutional confinement has been used since ancient times, but not until the 1600s and 1700s as a major punishment for criminals. Prior to that it was used to:
Detain people before trial
Hold prisoners awaiting other sanctions
Coerce payment of debts and fines
Hold and punish slaves
Achieve religious indoctrination (the Inquisition)
Quarantine disease

4. **Early Punishments**
Were often cruel and torturous:
Generally fit the doctrine of lex
talionis: **
Law of retaliation**
“An eye for an eye”
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. ** Early Punishments **
Types of early punishments:
Flogging – corporal punishment or whipping; most common
Mutilation
Branding
Public humiliation
Workhouses – European forerunner to U.S. prison
Exile – associated with scapegoating; a Hebrew ritual
Fines – this historical punishment is still in use today.

6. ** The Emergence of Prisons **
It is unknown when the first prison
was established.
Punitive imprisonment noted in
Europe in the Middle Ages.
American prisons began in the late
1700s. The first was the Walnut Street Jail.
Early confinement facilities stressed
reformation over punishment.
**Originally, big-house prisons exploited inmate labor through various links to the free market.**

7. Stages of Prison Development in the United States
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. The Penitentiary Era 1790--1825
Philadelphia Penitentiary begun by Quakers for
humane treatment of offenders.
Rehabilitation through penance (solitary
confinement and Bible study).
Known as the “Pennsylvania System.”
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. ** The Mass Prison Era **
Auburn Prison, established in 1823, (New York) featured group workshops and silence enforced by whipping and hard labor.
This Auburn System was the primary
competitor to the Pennsylvania System.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. ** The Reformatory Era **
Based on the use of the indeterminate sentence.
Believed in the possibility of rehabilitation,
especially for youthful offenders.
The facilities were designed for young, first time offenders; ages
Elmira Reformatory attempted reform rather
than punishment. It was based on the Irish system of imprisonment created by Sir Walter Crofton.
A system of graded stages in educational,
behavioral and other goals gave way to the
system of “parole.”
Ultimately considered a failure, since recidivism
was still a problem.

11. The Industrial Era 1890--1935 Prisoners used for cheap labor.
Industrial production in the North; agriculture
in the South.
Six systems of inmate labor: contract system,
piece-price system, lease system, public account
system, state-use system, and public works system.
Labor unions complained that they could not
compete.
The passage of the Hawes-Cooper Act and
Ashurst-Sumners Act limited inmate labor.
Some prison industries exist today.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. ** The Punitive Era **
Characterized by the belief that prisoners owed a debt to society.
Custody and institutional security the central
values.
Few innovations.
“Stir crazy”, “lock psychosis”, and “convict bogey” were terms associated with this era.

13. The Treatment Era
Medical model suggested inmates were sick and
needed treatment.
Most treatments included individual or group
therapy.
Other forms of therapy include:
Behavior therapy
Chemotherapy
Neurosurgery
Sensory deprivation
Aversion therapy
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. ** The Community-Based Era **
Focused on providing treatment outside of prison.
Based on premise that rehabilitation cannot
occur in isolation from the real world.
Prisons considered dehumanizing.
Led to innovations in the use of volunteers and
the extension of inmate privileges.
Programs include:
Half-way houses
Work-release
Study-release

15. The Warehousing Era
Public and judicial disapproval of release
programs and recidivism led to longer sentences
with fewer releases.
Nothing works doctrine.
Prison overcrowding became widespread.
Greater emphasis on incarcerating non-violent
drug offenders.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. U.S. Prison Population: 1960-2005
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. ** The “Just Deserts” Era **
1995--present
Based on the justice model.
Emphasis on individual responsibility and
punishment.
Imprisonment is a proper consequence of
criminal and irresponsible behavior.
Prison chain gangs, “three-strikes laws,” removal of “comforts” and the reduction or elimination of parole are characteristics of this era.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Prisons Today: Numbers and Types of Prisons
Approximately
1,325 state prisons
84 federal prisons
482 state and federal prisoners
per 100,000 population
On January 1, 2004, state and federal prisons held 1,461,191 inmates. Slightly more than 6.9% of those imprisoned were women.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. Prisons Today: Sentences
In state prisons:
49% are violent criminals
19% are property criminals
20% drug law violators
In federal prisons:
61% are drug law violators
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Prisons Today: Race The rate of imprisonment for African
American males is nine times that of
white males.
Bureau of Justice Statistics states that a
black male in America has a 32.3%
lifetime chance of going to prison;
white males have a 5.9% chance.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. ** Prisons Today ** The size of prisons vary.
The typical state prison is small.
It costs about $62 a day per inmate.
For the last two centuries, US citizens have come to rely on prisons. However, to control crime, this dependence on prisons has not been successful. Recidivism rates indicate that imprisonment has done little to discourage crime.

22. ** Prisons Today: Typical System **
The typical state prison system has:
1 high security
1 or more medium security
1 for adult women – some states allow women to work on chain gangs; Arizona was the first state to do so.
1 or 2 for young adults
1 or two specialized mental hospital-
type security prisons
1 or more open-type institutions
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. ** Prisons Today – Rehabilitation **
When most people believe the objective of rehabilitation for inmates is to help them improve or better themselves so they can become a law-abiding citizen; able to make positive contributions to our society. Most institutions will offer education and vocational training as part of their rehabilitation program.

24. ** Prisons Today – Rehabilitation **
Even though the philosophy of our prison system today is based on the justice model, rehabilitation is still a goal. Counseling is a common strategy and group counseling is most popular because it is more economical; it can service a large number of inmates with similar backgrounds and issues. Research has shown that the success of any treatment program in reducing recidivism typically depends on the quality of the program’s implementation.

25. **Overcrowded Prisons**
Overcrowding is a serious issue.
Prison capacity—The size of the
correctional population an institution can
effectively hold. There are three types of
prison capacity:
Rated
Operational
Design
Rhodes v. Chapman (1981)—Overcrowding
is not by itself cruel and unusual
punishment.****
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. Selective Incapacitation
Selective incapacitation is a strategy may
reduce prison population.
Career offender statutes support selective
incapacitation, though some criticize the
notion of false positives.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. ** Security Levels in State Prison Systems **
There are three security levels:
Maximum
Medium
Minimum
Security levels are often used to distinguish men’s prisons from one another.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. ** Maximum Security ** Most maximum security institutions tend to be
massive old buildings with a large inmate
population, including all death row inmates.
These facilities supervise the most serious offenders. They typically are characterized by double and triple security patterns.
They provide a high level of security with:
High fences/walls of concrete
Several barriers between living area
Secure cells
Armed guards
Gun towers
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. ** Medium Security ** Medium security prisons are similar in design
to maximum security facilities; however, they:
Usually have more windows and are smaller.
Tend to have barbed wire fences instead of large stone walls.
Sometimes use dormitory style housing.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. ** Medium Security **
Medium security prisons allow prisoners more
freedom, such as:
Associating with other prisoners
Going to the prison yard or exercise room
Visiting the library
Showering and using bathroom facilities with less
supervision
An important security tool (control mechanism) is the count.
The process of counting inmates during the course
of a day.
Times are random but intervals are regular, and all business stops until the count is verified.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. Minimum Security In minimum security prisons:
Housing tends to be dormitory style.
Prisoners usually have freedom of movement
within the facility.
Work is done under general supervision only.
Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist.
Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes
unlocked.
“Counts” are usually not taken.
Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own
clothes.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. ** Prison Classification System – 1st Step **
Classification systems determine which custody level
to assign an inmate to. Assignments are based on:
Offense history
Assessed dangerousness
Perceived risk of escape
Other factors
Inmates may move among the security levels
depending on their behavior.
Internal classification systems determine placement
and program assignment within an institution.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. The Flow of Activities in Prison Classification Systems
Source: Adapted from Patricia L. Handyman et al. Internal Prison Classification Systems Case Studies in Their Development and Implementation (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Corrections, 2002) p. 3
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. The Federal Prison System

35. Federal Prison System History
1895—Leavenworth, Kansas—First non military federal prison opens.
1906—Second federal prison opens in Atlanta.
1927—Alderson, West Virginia—First federal prison for women.
1933—Springfield, Missouri—Medical Center for federal prisoners.
1934—Alcatraz begins operations.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. Today’s Federal Prison System
Today’s federal prison system consists of:
104 institutions
6 regional offices
The Central office (headquarters)
2 staff training centers
28 community corrections offices
At the start of 2004, there were approximately
162,000 prisoners (up from just over 24,000 in
1980).
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

37. ** Federal Prison System **
The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
classifies its institutions according to five
security levels.
Administrative maximum (ADMAX) – ultra-high security prisons.
High security (U.S. penitentiaries)
Medium security (federal correctional institutions)
Low security (federal correctional institutions)
Minimum security (federal prison camps)
Additionally, there are administrative facilities,
like metropolitan detention centers (MDCs) and
medical centers for federal prisoners (MDFPs).

38. Administrative Maximum (ADMAX)
In 1995, the federal government opened its one and only ADMAX prison:
Ultra-high security
575 bed capacity
Inmates confined to cells 23 hours per day
Inmates cannot associate with one another
Only toughest 1% of federal prison
population is confined there
Holds mob bosses, spies, terrorists
murderers, escape artists, etc.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

39. High Security—U.S. Penitentiaries
There are 8 high security facilities, holding 10% of the federal prison population.
Examples:
Atlanta, GA
Lewisburg, PA
Terre Haute, IN
Leavenworth, KS
They are designed to prevent escapes and contain disturbances by using:
Intense electronic surveillance
Armed perimeter patrols.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

40. Medium Security—Federal Correctional Institutions
There are 26 medium security prisons holding 23% of the federal prison population.
Examples:
Terminal Island, CA
Lompoc, CA
Seagoville, TX
They are guarded by double chain link fence and electronic monitoring of grounds.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

41. Low Security—Federal Correctional Institutions
There are 17 low security facilities, holding 28% of the federal prison population.
They are surrounded by double chain link fences and do vehicle patrols of perimeter.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

42. Minimum Security— Federal Prison Camps
There are 55 minimum security prisons, holding 35% of the federal prison population.
Examples:
Elgin Air Force Base, FL
Maxwell Air Force Base, AL
Essentially, they are unfenced honor-type camps using barrack style housing.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

43. Federal Prison System: Administrative Facilities
The federal prison system’s administrative facilities are institutions with special missions.
Metropolitan Detention Centers (MDCs)
Generally located in large cities, close
to federal courthouses
Hold inmates awaiting trial (like jails)
Medical Centers for Federal Prisoners
(MCFP)
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

44. Improvements Improvements to our nations prisons can be found in:
Accreditation by the American
Correctional Association’s (ACA)
Training though the National Academy of
Corrections
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

45. Jails

46. Jails
Original purpose—Short-term confinement of suspects following arrest and awaiting trial.
Current use—Jails hold those
convicted of misdemeanors and some felonies, as well as holding suspects following arrest and
awaiting trial.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

47. Jails
Annually, 20 million people go to jail. In 2004, jails held 691,301 inmates.
12% women
6,869 juveniles
25% awaiting arraignment or trial
More than 50% convicted offenders
Jails also hold inmates who cannot fit in the
overcrowded prisons.
Jail authorities supervised another 71,371 inmates under certain community-based programs.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

48. Growth of Jails Many jails are old and overcrowded.
By the end of 1980s, many jails were so
overcrowded that court-ordered
caps forced some early releases.
At midyear 2004, occupancy was at:
94% rated capacity for jails serving more than
1000 inmates.
64% rated capacity in those with fewer than 50
inmates.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

49. Direct Supervision Jails
A new jail architecture and
management strategy is called direct
supervision. These jails:
Use a system of pods or modular self-contained
housing areas
Have a more open environment, using Plexiglas
instead of thick walls to separate areas
Use softer furniture
May use “rooms” instead of cells
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

50. Benefits of Direct Supervision Jails
Reduce inmate dissatisfaction
Deter rape and violence
Decrease suicide and escape attempts
Eliminate barriers to staff-inmate interaction
Give staff greater control
Improve staff morale
Reduce lawsuits
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

51. ** Future of Jails ** National efforts are underway to
improve quality of jail life by:
Adding critical programs for inmates
Increasing jail industries
Jail “boot camps”
Creating regional jails
Implementing jail standards
Refer to the warm-up and notes on jails for key info needed to complete your study guide.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

52. *Privatization* - Benefits
The movement toward greater use of
private prisons began in the 1980s.
In 2004, private prisons held 5.7% of all state
and 12.6% of all federal prisoners.
Most states that use private prisons do so to
supplement their own system.
Private prisons can:
Reduce overcrowding
Lower operating expenses
Avoid lawsuits (however, the liability may fall to the government of that jurisdiction)
**Often the private prisons can be constructed and opened more quickly than public correctional facilities.**

53. Hurdles to Large-Scale Privatization (Cons)
Large scale privatization is hindered
by:
Laws prohibiting private sector involvement in
correctional management
Possibility of public employees striking
Liability and other legal issues – debate over the responsibility for civil liability issues.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.