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Chapter 10 Cell Division
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Chapter 10 Division
Photo Credit: © CAMR/A.B. Dowsett/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Cell Division
In eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two major stages.
The first stage, division of the cell nucleus, is called mitosis.
The second stage, division of the cell cytoplasm, is called cytokinesis.
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Chromosomes
Chromosomes
• Genetic information is passed from one generation to the next on chromosomes.
• Before cell division, each chromosome is duplicated, or copied.
• Each chromosome consists of two identical “sister” chromatids. • Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the centromere.
• When the cell divides, the chromatids separate.
• Each new cell gets one chromatid.
Sister chromatids
Centromere
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The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
•The cell cycle is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
•Interphase is the period of growth that occurs between cell divisions.
During the cell cycle:
• a cell grows
• prepares for division
•divides to form two daughter cells, each of which begins the cycle again
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The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle consists of four phases:
G1 (First Gap Phase)
S Phase
G2 (Second Gap Phase)
M Phase
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7. Events of the Cell Cycle
During G1, the cell
increases in size
synthesizes new proteins and organelles
During the S phase,
chromosomes are replicated
DNA synthesis takes place
Once a cell enters the S phase, it usually completes the rest of the cell cycle.
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8. Events of the Cell Cycle
The G2 Phase (Second Gap Phase)
organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
Once G2 is complete, the cell is ready to start the M phase—Mitosis
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9. Events of the Cell Cycle
During the cell cycle, the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and divides into two daughter cells. DNA synthesis takes place during the S phase. Cell division takes place during the M phase. G1 and G2 are gap phases.
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Mitosis
Mitosis
Biologists divide the events of mitosis into four
phases:
• Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase •
Most eukaryotic cells go through a regular cycle of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis has four phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. The events shown here are typical of animal cells.
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11. Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Mitosis
Section 10-2
Spindle forming
Prophase
Prophase (cont)
Chromosomes (paired chromatids)
Centromere
Most eukaryotic cells go through a regular cycle of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis has four phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. The events shown here are typical of animal cells.
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Mitosis
Spindle
forming
Prophase (cont)
Prophase is the first and longest phase of mitosis.
The centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus.
Centromere
Chromosomes
(paired chromatids)
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Mitosis
Spindle
forming
Prophase (cont)
The centrioles lie in a region called the centrosome.
The centrosome helps to organize the spindle, a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes.
Centromere
Chromosomes
(paired chromatids)
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Mitosis
Spindle
forming
Prophase (cont)
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
The centrioles separate and a spindle begins to form.
The nuclear envelope breaks down.
Centromere
Chromosomes
(paired chromatids)
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Mitosis
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
Centriole
Metaphase
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Mitosis
Centriole
Metaphase (cont)
The second phase of mitosis is metaphase.
The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
Microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle.
Spindle
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17. Individual chromosomes
Mitosis
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Anaphase
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Mitosis
Anaphase (cont)
Anaphase is the third phase of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes.
The chromosomes continue to move until they have separated into two groups.
Individual
chromosomes
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19. Nuclear envelope reforming
Mitosis
Telophase
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
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Mitosis
Telophase (cont)
Telophase is the fourth and final phase of mitosis.
Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shape.
A new nuclear envelope forms around each cluster of chromosomes.
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Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
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Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cont)
During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm pinches in half.
Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes
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Cytokinesis in Plants
In plants, a structure known as the cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei.
The cell plate gradually develops into a separating membrane.
A cell wall then begins to appear in the cell plate.
Cell wall
Cell plate
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10-2
- or -
(must have QuickTake software installed on the computer you are using for this presentation)
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10-2
The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide is called
the cell cycle.
mitosis.
interphase.
cytokinesis.
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10-2
The phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell is
prophase.
metaphase.
anaphase.
telophase.
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10-2
Cytokinesis usually occurs
at the same time as telophase.
after telophase.
during interphase.
during anaphase
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10-2
DNA replication takes place during the
S phase of the cell cycle.
G1 phase of the cell cycle.
G2 phase of the cell cycle.
M phase of the cell cycle.
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10-2
During mitosis, “sister” chromatids separate from one another during
telophase.
interphase.
anaphase.
metaphase.
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31. END OF SECTION