1. Genetic AND HEREDITY

2. Root Words

3. California’s Content Standards
3a. Students know how to predict the probable outcome of phenotypes in a genetic cross from the genotypes of the parents and mode of inheritance (autosomal or X-linked, dominant or recessive).
3b. Students know the genetic basis for Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment.

4. How is it possible to maintain such genetic continuity?
Charlie Sheen
Emilio Estevez
Martin Sheen
How is it possible to maintain such genetic continuity?
Kirk Douglas
Michael

5. Genetic Blending

6. LAWS OF HEREDITY
First formed during the mid-1800’s by an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel, also referred to as “The Father of Genetics.”
From his works with pea plants, he understood that there was something that carried traits from one generation to the next- “FACTOR”.

8. vOCABULARY Genetics is the study of genes.
Inheritance is how traits, or characteristics, are passed on from generation to generation.

9. …now we know this “factor” is the…
Homologous chromosome: one of a matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.
Human karyotype

10. Allele – alternate form of a gene/characteristics/trait
Vocabulary
Allele – alternate form of a gene/characteristics/trait
(1 from mom and 1 from dad)
Dominant traits- traits that are expressed (uppercase letter: A).
Recessive traits- traits that are covered up (lowercase letter: a).
Homozygous: two of the same alleles: AA (dominant) or aa (recessive).
Heterozygous: two different alleles: Aa (dominant).

11. Allele – alternate form of a gene/characteristics/trait
Vocabulary
Allele – alternate form of a gene/characteristics/trait
(1 from mom and 1 from dad)
Dominant traits- traits that are expressed (uppercase letter: A).
Recessive traits- traits that are covered up (lowercase letter: a).
Homozygous: two of the same alleles: AA (dominant) or aa (recessive).
Heterozygous: two different alleles: Aa (dominant).

12. Allele – alternate form of a gene/characteristics/trait
Vocabulary
Allele – alternate form of a gene/characteristics/trait
(1 from mom and 1 from dad)
Dominant traits- traits that are expressed (uppercase letter: A).
Recessive traits- traits that are covered up (lowercase letter: a).
Homozygous: two of the same alleles: AA (dominant) or aa (recessive).
Heterozygous: two different alleles: Aa (dominant).

13. Allele – alternate form of a gene/characteristics/trait
Vocabulary
Allele – alternate form of a gene/characteristics/trait
(1 from mom and 1 from dad)
Dominant traits- traits that are expressed (uppercase letter: A).
Recessive traits- traits that are covered up (lowercase letter: a).
Homozygous: two of the same alleles: AA (dominant) or aa (recessive).
Heterozygous: two different alleles: Aa (dominant).

14. Allele – alternate form of a gene/characteristics/trait
Vocabulary
Allele – alternate form of a gene/characteristics/trait
(1 from mom and 1 from dad)
Dominant traits- traits that are expressed (uppercase letter: A).
Recessive traits- traits that are covered up (lowercase letter: a).
Homozygous: two of the same alleles: AA (dominant) or aa (recessive).
Heterozygous: two different alleles: Aa (dominant).

15. Genotype – the types of genes/Alleles present. (AA, Aa,aa)
Genotype vs. Phenotype
Genotype – the types of genes/Alleles present (AA, Aa,aa)
Phenotype – physical expression or what it looks like. (what you can see!)

16. Karyotype
Chromosome patterns used to examine a persons genetics

17. Probability and Punnett Squares
Punnett square: diagram showing the probabilities of the possible outcomes of a genetic cross.

18. Meiosis
Meiosis

19. Meiosis
PP Pp
Meiosis
PP Pp

20. Meiosis
PP Pp
Meiosis
PP Pp
Fermentation

21. How does a genotype ratio differ from the phenotype ratio?
Genotype versus phenotype.
How does a genotype ratio differ from the phenotype ratio?

22. Mendell’s 1st Law of Segregation
states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization.

23. Mendell’s 2nd Law of Independent Assortment
states that allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes. This means that traits are transmitted to offspring independently of one another.

24. Monohybrid Cross (1 trait)
The Punnett Square is a way of using Mendel’s 1st law: law of segregation (both alleles are equally likely to occur).
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(male) Rr x Rr (female)
male
R r RR Rr rr
female R r
Genotype: (¼) RR + (½) Rr + (¼) rr
Phenotype: (roll) : 1 (no role)

25. Mendel’s Second Law Law of independent assortment:
Segregation (separate) of alleles of two different genes are independent of one another in the production of gametes.
For example:
no bias toward YP or Yp gametes
Mendel’s Monastery in Brno