1. Organic Chemistry
Carbon compounds

2. Biochemistry A crossover field of chemistry
Biochemists have to understand both the living world and the chemical world
Every living thing uses the same basic chemical compounds to live their lives.
We are talking smaller than cells...

3. Carbon based molecules are basis of life!
Why Carbon?
Carbon has 4 valence shell electrons 6 C
Carbon
12.011
Carbon (in purple element square) is hyperlinked to an interactive period table.

4. Why is that important?
Each of carbon's valence shell electrons can bond with another atom
And carbon can even bond with itself
Carbon can form rings, chains, and other shapes of atoms

5. Carbon literally forms the backbone of biology!
NO LIFE has been observed that is not carbon based.
Carbon atoms love to bond, and accordingly, very LONG and COMPLEX molecules can result from that bonding!

6. Warmup 9/20 What do the following prefixes mean? Macro- Micro- Poly-
Mono-

7. Play-doh
Play-doh has 2 main starches, amylose and amylopectin. Discuss the four bonds that each black carbon atom makes. Discuss how each individual section is called a monomer, but as soon as you bond to other sections, it becomes a polymer. A polymer is built from repeating units called monomers.

8. Macromolecules- “giant molecules”
Formed by polymerization
When large compounds are built by joining smaller molecules together (legos)

9. There are FOUR groups of Macro-molecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids

10. Carbohydrates Have CHO- Main source of energy for living things
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
In a 1:2:1 ratio
Main source of energy for living things
Examples:
Sugars- (monosaccharides –not all)
Glucose (C6H12O6 )
Starches (polysaccharides)
Glycogen, cellulose

11. Sugars: Short-chain carbs
Monosaccharides- monomers:
mono= “single” meros (Gk) = part
Examples:
glucose
fructose
galactose
“-ose” denotes sugars

12. The following are considered “simple sugars”- monosaccharides:

13. Sucrose If you add two monosaccharides you get a Disacchiride
mono (1)+ mono (1)  di (2)
Glucose + fructose  sucrose

14. Starches: Long-chain carbs
Polysaccharides- polymers:
poly= “many” meros (Gk) = part
Examples:
Plant starches
cornstarch
Glycogen

15. Monomers attach to each other to form polymers!
Starch
Glucose
Figure 2-13A Starch

16. Lipids Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms Usually fats, oils, and waxes
Used to store energy or build membranes

17. Nucleic acids
Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus
Transmit heredity (genetic information)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
Monomer: nucleotide

18. Proteins
Contain N, O, C, H,
Made of monomers (smaller molecules) called amino acids
Control rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, form tissues, transport substances, fight disease.

19. Protein Structure
Section 2-3
Amino
acids
Figure 2-17 A Protein

20. One type of protein… enzymes

21. Homework
Set up Enzyme Lab in your lab book.
Be ready to go tomorrow!

22. Chemical Testing
We can test for the presence of these compounds in food by using CHEMICAL REAGENTS. These chemical reagents are chemicals that react in a particular way in the presence of these nutrients.
Carbs: sugars, starches
Proteins
Lipids

23. In your notes… Nutrient Observations Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates
Reagent/Test
Positive
Negative
Carbohydrates
Simple Sugar (monosaccharide)
Starch (polysaccharide)
Lipids
Proteins
Samples- sugar, baked potato, chicken, crisco, vegetable oil/ olive oil?,

24. Testing for Starch (polysaccharide)
Which sample is negative for starch?
Which one is positive for starch?

25. Testing for Sugar (monosaccharide):
Which sample is positive for starch?
Which sample is positive for sugar?
Which sample is positive for a monosaccharide?

26. Testing for Proteins:
Which sample shows a presence of amino acid chains?
Which sample shows a presence of a polymer?

27. Testing for Lipids:
Brown bag test