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Chapter 3 Physical Evidence.

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 3 Physical Evidence."— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 3 Physical Evidence

2 Physical Evidence - Any and all objects that can establish that a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime and its victim or a crime and its perpetrator.

3 Common Types of Physical Evidence

4 Blood, Semen, and Saliva Liquid or dried On objects
Serological and biological analysis

5 Documents Handwritten or typed
Determine paper, ink, indented writing, obliterations, burned/charred documents

6 Drugs Any substance seized in violation of laws regulating the sale, manufacture, distribution, and use of drugs

7 Explosives Device Objects at scene that may contain residue of the explosive

8 Fibers flax wool Natural Synthetic
Establishes relationship between objects and/or person flax wool

9 Fingerprints Latent Visible Plastic

10 Firearms and Ammunition
Discharged or intact ammunition

11 Glass Particles or fragments
Glass with holes from bullets or projectiles

12 Hair Human Animal Used to link person with a crime Dog hair

13 Impressions Tire marks Shoe prints

14 Footprint (bare or w/socks)
Depressions in soft soil (ladder marks, drag marks, animal prints etc.

15 Impressions from fabric
Bite marks Fingernail marks

16 Organs and Physiological Fluids
Submitted for toxicological study Test for: Blood type, chemical content of blood (drugs, alcohol, poison, etc.

17 Paint Liquid or dried Transferred from one surface to another (car to car, car to body, car to surface, etc.

18 Petroleum Products From automobiles – gasoline residue, transmission fluid, oil stain Accelerant from arson Grease

19 Plastic Bags Polyethylene disposable bag, garbage bag
Use to transport evidence May have latent prints or trace evidence

20 Powder Residue Firearm discharge residue Drug residue

21 Serial Numbers Present Restoration of obliterated/erased marks

22 Soil and Minerals Imbedded in shoes, clothing, under nails, etc.
Insulation material (asbestos, fiberglass, etc.) Links person to particular location

23 Tool Marks Any object suspected of containing the impression from another object that served as a tool in a crime Screwdriver, hammer, crowbar, fire poker

24

25 Vehicle Lights Headlights, Taillights
Can be matched to debris left at an accident Determines if light was on or off at time of impact

26 Wood and Other Vegetative Matter
Sawdust, shavings Plant materials – leaves, seeds, flowers, pollen, etc. Links person or object to crime location.

27

28 Significance of Physical Evidence Identification Comparison

29 Identification Purpose: determination of the physical or chemical identity of a substance as absolutely as analysis will permit. (Chemical composition of drugs, nature of explosive residue, analysis of organic material, etc.)

30 First requirement: testing procedures w/characteristic results for standards
Set up permanent record for specimen comparison Second requirement: sufficient number of tests to rule out all other substances.

31 Specific analytical scheme – like a flow chart or dichotomous key
Schemes must be flexible depending on type of evidence Each type of evidence requires different combinations of tests Analyst must be able to substantiate conclusion based on tests

32 Comparison Suspect specimen and control specimen subjected to the same tests and examinations to determine if they have common origins. Used to place suspect at a location

33 Based on Locard’s principle of transfer of evidence
Two step procedure Combination of properties selected for comparison Type of evidence will determine the type and number of properties to be investigated

34 Evidentiary value must be ultimate purpose – can conclusions of investigator be supported?
Probability must be taken into account – What are the odds of these properties occurring in combination at a specific event or location?

35 Class Characteristics
Properties of evidence that can only be associated with a group and never with a single source. Can be used as corroboration evidence

36 Individual Characteristics
Evidence that can be associated with a common source with an extremely high degree of probability possesses individual characters. Fingerprints with matching ridges. Identical striations on bullets

37 Wear patterns on shoes or sneakers
Handwriting characteristics Evidence fitting together like a jigsaw piece Patterns in materials made from a single source of fabric, glass, plastic, etc.

38 Exact probability cannot be determined, but a probability factor can be calculated
Conclusions supported by expertise or examiner also influenced by past experience i.e. Probability of 2 people with same fingerprint is 1 out of 1X1060 – too small to be considered a possibility

39 Crime-Scene Reconstruction
Can support or contradict accounts given by witnesses and/or suspects. Can generate leads and can confirm the reconstruction of a crime to a jury

40 Reconstruction supports a likely sequence of events by the observation and evaluation of physical evidence, as well as statements made by witnesses and those involved with the incident

41 Crime-scene reconstruction relies on the combined efforts of medical examiners, criminalists, and law enforcement personnel to recover physical evidence and to sort out the events surrounding the occurrence of a crime

42 Medical Examiner Criminalists
Law Enforcement Personnel Crime-Scene Reconstruction Criminalists

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